The Coinage of Kardia more

Archaeologia Bulgarica XIII The Coinage of Kardia 2009 1 33-54 Sofia THE COINAGE OF KARDIA JULIA TZVETKOVA Historical Background The ancient city of Kardia was one of the most significant cities on the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Galipoli Peninsila), which played a leading role in the historical development of the region. The city was situated on the northwestern shore of the isthmus of the peninsula and is localized today on the Bakla Burun Cape plateau (Müller 1997, 854; Sayar 1997, 325; Sayar 1998, 427; Isaac 1986, 188, # 162; Sayar 2007, 515). Similar to many other settlements along the Thracian coast, the polis was established as an Ionian apoikia in the period of the Greek colonization. The city was founded twice – first by the Milesians and Clazomenians and for a second time – by the Athenians of Miltiades the Elder (Ps.-Skymn. 699; Strabo 7. fr. 52 (51)). The sources provide scarce information on the initial establishment and we have no data apart from the name of the ktistes of Kardia Hermochares (St. Byz. s. v. Êáñäßç). However, the general studies on the Ionian colonization in the region allow the dating of the foundation of the polis back to ca. 644/40 BC (Bilabel 1920, 66). Most probably, soon after that it suffered under the attack by the Thracian tribe Bisaltae and its existence was put under question, an event mentioned by Charon of Lampsacus (Charon fr. 9; about the date see Öâåòêîâà 2008, 56f.). The reestablishment of the city by the Athenians has to be related with the colonization activity of Miltiades the Elder and his settling on the Thracian Chersonese in ca. 556/5 BC (Öâåòêîâà 2008, 56). Thus, the entire period until the end of their reign after the suppression of the Ionian revolt in 493 BC was dominated by the presence of the Philaids on the peninsula. It is very likely that their residence was in Kardia itself (Babelon I, 1225; Öâåòêîâà 2008, 57). The end of the Ionian revolt led to the establishment of a new political reality in the region including Kardia – the Persians took control there for a short period of time. The fact that the city was the only one on the Thracian Chersonese, which was not destroyed by the Phoenician fleet in 493 BC (Hdt. 6.33) gave certain advantage of it over the rest of the poleis on the peninsula. The followed foundation of the Delian League put the question of including the cities from the region in it. In the tribute lists are not attested independent payments from Kardia. However, it is highly probable that Kardia, together with the other Chersonesian polis Paktye, were included in the quota of “the Chersonesians from Agora” mentioned in the lists (Casson 1926, 223; Berve 1937, 17f., Anm. 3). There is no specific information about the historical fate of polis in the 5th and the first half of the 4th century BC. The situation changed in the 360-es BC when Kardia and the Thracian Chersonese in general got involved initially in the fights between Athens and the Odrysian kings and subsequently, after the Macedonian conquest, in the fights between Athens and Philip II. It is apparent that the description of Kardia as “the largest city in the Chersonese” has to be referred to this particular period (Strab. 7. fr. 52 (51)). Kardia attracted the attention of the Odrysian kings definitely during the reign of Kotys and probably fell under Odrysian control as early as 365 BC (Tzvetkova 2007, 660). The city became the base for the campaigns against Chersonese during the reigns of Kotys and his son Kersebleptes (Dem. 23.181; Tzvetkova 2007, 658ff.). The special attitude of the Odrysians was evident from the fact that Kersebleptes excluded Kardia from all negotiations with Athens and kept it for himself (Dem. 23.181; Diod. 16.34.4). This belonging of Kardia to the zone of the Odrysian political influence was surely fixed in peace treaty between Athens and the Thracian kings Berisades, Amadokos and 33 Julia Tzvetkova Kersebleptes from 357 BC, which provides one of the most important chronological points in the history of the city and the region (see Tzvetkova 2007, 665ff.). This situation speaks also that the Odrysian power there was considered unconditional and indisputable. The written sources provide information about the explicit pro-Odrysian policy of the polis – it was the Kardians who killed Miltokythes who revolted again after Kotys’s death and with this act manifested their anti-Athenian position (Dem. 23.169). Most probably the city took advantage of the Athenian-Odrysians contradictions in order to achieve higher level of independence from the metropolis and to gain economic profits in the region under Odrysian control. It was very likely that Kardia had special privileges and due to them (and not without the Odrysian kings’ consent) its influence spread beyond the boundaries of the Thracian Chersonese to the mouth of the Melas River, where it founded the emporion Kobrys (Ps.Skyl. 67). Its relations with the Odrysian kings hardly affected its autonomy and should be considered egalitarian ally. This impression is provided by Demosthenes’ statement that during Philip’s offensive in Thrace, which took place ca. 354 BC (about the date see Éîðäàíîâ 1998, 33), due to the interference of Amadokos the war between Athens on the one hand and Kersebleptes and Kardia on the other, was avoided; the author explicitly differentiated the Chersonesian polis and the Odryssian king participating equally in the coalition against Athens (Dem. 23.183). 346 BC marked the next turning point in the historical development of the region, related to the strengthening of the Macedonian power in the area. At that time, during another conflict in the series of wars, Philip II defeated Kersebleptes who was driven out from the coastal territories in general and from Chersonese in particular. The Macedonian state became a factor in the region and inherited the Odrysian political influence. Kardia was one of the first cities on the peninsula, which became an ally of the Macedonian king, probably during the course of the war (Hammond, Griffith 1979, 380ff.). The peace of Philocrates from 346 BC ratified 34 the conquests of Philip II and the special position of Kardia, which was conquered and turned into a Macedonian base on the peninsula. By taking Philip’s side in the treaty (Dem. 8.58, 64, 66; 9.35; 10.18, 60, 65, 68; Kahrstedt 1954, 32) Kardia continued its anti-Athenian line of conduct. Kardia fell under Macedonian domination in a peaceful way through negotiations rather than as a result of confrontation and armed conflicts (Dem. 9.35; 12.11, 19.174; Badian 1983, 67). An important role in this process was probably played by Apollonides of Kardia. He was mentioned for the first time as a messenger of Kersebleptes in the negotiations with Philip II in Maroneia in 354/3 BC (Dem. 23.183; Éîðäàíîâ 1998, 33), and later, in 343/2 BC, he was already a confidant of Philip, who granted him the governing of the territories beyond Agora (Dem. 23.183; 7.39). Apparently under Apollonides the polis started an independent policy aimed at a rapprochement with the Macedonian king. However, the relations between Philip and Kardia did not mean that the city was subordinate to the king, similar to Pydna and Amphipolis, and can be defined as symmachia, in the sense of an independent ally (Kahrstedt 1954, 36; Hammond/ Griffith 1979, 564). The importance of the Chersonesian city for the Macedonian rulers is also evidenced by the presence of many Kardians among the Macedonian governing elite such as Eumenes of Kardia (Nep. Eum. 1.1-6, 13.1; see Éîðäàíîâ 1998, 55, áåë. 34) or the historian Hieronymos of Kardia (Jacoby, FrGH II, # 154, 544f.; see Hornblower 1981, 5f.). In reality, the new Macedonian rule inherited the Odrysian power in the northern regions of the Thracian Chersonese and assumed its functions of a supreme arbiter. It is from this point of view that the information provided by Demosthenes has to be interpreted that Philip believed it was his right to decide the issues between Kardia and Athens, when Athens laid claims to Kardia after eliminating the presence of Kersebleptes in the Chersonese (Dem. 7.41). The written sources provide information that in the period after the death of Alexander the The Coinage of Kardia 35 Julia Tzvetkova Great Kardia was governed by the tyrant Hekataios, who, as far as the evidence is concerned, had had the power since the reign of Alexander (Diod. 18.14.4; Plut. Eumen. 3). The tyranny as an imposed form of governing proves once again the importance of the polis and the need for stable power and control of the straits. It is also apparent that during the reign of Lysimachus the polis had certain autonomy, at least until the establishment of the new capital of the Hellenistic king on the Thracian Chersonese. The foundation of Lysimacheia in 309/8 BC interrupted Kardia’s rising development. It is not clear whether the city was destroyed as stated by Lysimachus’s contemporary Hieronymus of Kardia quoted by Pausanias (Paus. 1.9.8) or whether it was incorporated into the new city (Plin. nat. 4.11.40). By all means, the establishment of the important Hellenistic center had an impact on Kardia – the latter was pushed into the background by Lysimacheia and played a subordinate role, while Lysimacheia assumed its political and economic functions. Kardia lost the status of a polis and was referred to as êþìç (Paus. 1.10.5). The final date of the existence of the settlement has not been defined yet. The ethnikon Êáñäéáíüò was found on the gravestones from the 4th century Athens but this has to be viewed as an indication for the origin and not necessarily as an implication that the settle2 ment still functioned during this period (IG II 8960, 8961; Kahrstedt 1954, 42). The Coinage of Kardia – problems of chronology The information about the historical development of Kardia is complemented by the attested bronze coinage of that city. Kardia was one of the Chersonesian cities, together with Alopekonnesos, Elaious, Madytos, Sestos, Aigospotamoi, Krithote and Lysimacheia, 1 which minted their own coins. The coinage of Kardia has never been a subject of a special study and until present it has only been briefly presented in the popular manuals (Head 1911, 259; Ìóøìîâ 1912, 310311, # 5479-5492). As a result a considerable amount of published coins of this city has been accumulated during the years. This requires, as a first step, their distinguishing and systematizing in a type catalogue. The present study is based mainly on the information available about coins already published and kept in some 1 museum collections . Thirteen coins were not included in the study because the author did not have access to the publications (see SchönertGeiß 1999, # 7973, 7994, 8006, 8038, 8045, 8057) as well as 85 other coins (if they had been correctly identified) from earlier collections, published in the 19th century (SchönertGeiß 1999, # 7975-76, 7978-79, 7983, 799396, 8007, 8013-16, 8020-22, 8027-30, 803233, 8036, 8043, 8059). The complex is characterized by the fact that no data about the provenance of the coins is available, which makes it impossible to define the zone of their distribution. Few pieces of information about Kardia coins came from archaeological excavations – from Zone (Galani-Krikou 1996, 68), Abdera (Abdera, 136), Thasos (Thassos, 363), Constantia fortress near Simeonovgrad (Àëàäæîâ et al. 1981, 276), Pistiros (êàò. # 28, 53, 151), Olbia (Õàðêî 1964, 364, ¹ 713), Seuthopolis (Ñåâòîïîëèñ 2, # 312) as well as a stray find from a site near Taulhac (France) dated back within a wide chronological range by materials from the Late Iron age until the Mediaeval period (Richard 1988, 486). However, the publications do not always provide information about the particular context of the coins or their description; it is only mentioned that they belong to Kardia. This makes it difficult to study the materials The catalogue includes 24 coins from museum collections: the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia – 10 pieces, Àrchaeological Museum-Septemvri – 3 pieces yielded by the excavations at Pistiros, Plovdiv – 4 pieces, Stara Zagora – 1 piece, Haskovo – 1 piece, München – 5 pieces. I would like to thank to my colleagues Dr. Bistra Bozhkova, Valentina Taneva, Dessislava Davidova, Mariana Minkova, Irko Petrov, Mariana Slavova and Dr. Dietrich Klose for the help and the information provided about the coins in the museum collections. No coins of Kardia are kept in the collection of the National Museum of History in Sofia (information provided by Dr. Vladimir Penchev) as well as in the museum collection of the Burgas Museum (information provided by Dr. Martin Gyuzelev), to whom I am also indebted. 36 The Coinage of Kardia and allows neither defining their type and stratigraphic position nor specifying the chronology of particular coin types. The fact that coins of Kardia have not been found in hoards also makes it impossible at this stage to synchronize its issues or to date them back. The 37 Julia Tzvetkova only exception is the find from Pyasachnik dam, containing coins dated back to the mid 4th century BC, a bronze coin of Kardia inclusively (Ìóòàôîâ/Êîé÷åâ 2002, 634, 643). Unfortunately this publication does not provide again a description of the coin. It is generally accepted that the bronze coinage of Kardia dates back to the second half of the 4th century BC. Considering the political events taking place on the Thracian Chersonese at the time, the foundation of Lysimacheia is logically considered as a final date of Kardia’s autonomous coinage and in the catalogues it is dated back between 350 and 309 BC (Head 1911, 259; Ìóøìîâ 1912, 310; Babelon IV, 995; Schönert-Geiß 1999, 1419). The initial date of the coinage is more problematic – there are various attempts to make it more precise. It is assumed that the date has to be sought in the time after the events in 346 BC, Kardia’s escape from the Odrysian control and the establishment of the Macedonian power in the region. It is believed that at the beginning the polis countermarked coins of Kersebleptes with a star, which appears on the coins of Kardia as an additional symbol (see here # 33-46 and # 82-90) and is assumed that this was a Kardian countermark (Þðóêîâà 1992, 73). The close relations between the Chersonesian polis and the Odrysian king are also demonstrated by the fact that the image of Demeter was introduced as an obverse type of their coins and by the additional symbol corn-grain on the reverse (Þðóêîâà 1992, 72; followed by Peter 1997, 129). The observations on the coins of the cities on the Thracian Chersonese yielded by the excavations at Olynthus support the above mentioned date as the beginning of Kardia’s coinage. The collection contains 1 coin of Alopekonnesos (Olynthus III, 34), 2 of Elaious (Olynthus V², 770; Olynthus ²Õ, 239, 1, inv. # 659) and 11 bronze coins of Chersonese (Olynthus V², ## 714-718; Olynthus ²Õ, 239, 1, 239 ¹ 1, Inv. ## 230, 434, 618, 785, 1027, 1206). The pieces provoking interesting are the bronze coins of Chersonese, which are from the type “lion’s head/legend ÕÅÐ-ÐÎ in two rows, above and beneath a corn grain”. The demoli38 tion of Olynthus by Philip II in 348 BC provided evidence that this type of coins was minted before the above-mentioned date (Öâåòêîâà 2004, 20, áåë. 25-26). However, the same type of coin is presented in the coin production of Kardia; in this issue the legend is the only element which has been changed and it reads KAÐ-ÄIA instead of ÕÅÐ-ÐÎ (see here # 131-142). This fact shows that they had been issued within a short chronological period and probably by one and the same mint. It is believed that Kardia was this particular mint (Babelon IV, 997-1000). It functioned during the rule of the Philaids as well: it is believed that the coins dated back to the first period of Chersonesian coinage during the rule of Miltiades the Younger (515-493 BC) as well as the silver hemidrachms of the Thracian Chersonese during the second period (357323/20 BC) were minted there (Öâåòêîâà 2004, 18, 21). This requires a certain traditions in the field of coinage in the city. Due to the lack of Kardia’s coins from the “lion’s head/legend KAÐ-ÄIA surrounding a corngrain” type (cat. type ²V.À.3) in Olynthus it is presumed that they were issued later, after the demolition of the Chalkidician city and the most probable date is 346 BC; until then the city mint must have issued the same coins bearing the ÕÅÐ-ÐÎ legend (Öâåòêîâà 2004, 27). In that case, the year 346 BC has to be regarded if not as the beginning of the autonomous coinage of Kardia, at least as the initial date of this type of Kardia’s coins. Most probably as early as the time of its establishment Lysimacheia inherited the coinage tradition from Kardia and the mint was moved to the new capital. This is evident from the fact that Lysimacheia’s coins accepted certain typical for Kardia iconographic images – the corn ear used as a countermark, head of Demeter as an obverse type, the lion as a reverse type, the name of the settlement within a wreath of corn ears as a reverse type (about Lysimacheia see Þðóêîâà 1998). Coin types The identification and description of Kardia’s coin types is also problematic in the numismatic literature. There are discrepancies re- The Coinage of Kardia garding not only the details but the obverse and reverse images as well. For example, the image of the goddess on the obverse type “head of Demeter” was identified in the British Museum catalogue as “Persephone” (ÂÌÑ Thrace, 189) and used in some later descriptions (Babelon ²V, 995, Lindgren 859, Zwicker ²², Z 769, Hunterian Coll. 386). The identification of the reverse type “lion breaking a spear in its mouth” also varies and in some catalogues it is described as “lion tearing prey” (ÂÌÑ Thrace, 189; SNG Cop. 867 – see its description in Babelon IV, 997, # 1587). Considering the fact that a photo is not always available, it is hard to say whether the same coin type was given different description because of the poorly preserved image on the coin. The same is the problem with the coin type, which is cautiously identified as “female head/corn ear” in the catalogues of the British and Berlin Museums (BMC Thrace, 190, # 1213; Beschreibung 248, # 26-29), related to Persephone in Babelon (Babelon IV, 997, # 1588) or identified as Demeter by Lischine and Mushmov (Lischine, 119, ¹ 1030; Ìóøìîâ 1912, 311, # 5491). The last identification seems most probable in regard to the facts that Demeter’s image appears on the coins of the city and the corn-ear being the goddess’s attribute on the reverse. It is very likely that due to the poor preservation of the coins sometimes the catalogues provide unusual descriptions such as “grazing horse” (Ìóøìîâ 1912, # 5481), which is probably a wrong identification of the reverse type “head of Demeter/lion breaking a spear in its mouth”. “Ox walking right” (Ìóøìîâ 1912, # 5482) or “ram standing” (Ìóøìîâ 1912, # 5484) also sound quite unusually and are probably wrong interpretations of the “lion/ corn-grain” obverse type; the “boar’s head” (Lischine 1041-42) has to be related to the small values of the “ protome of a lion/legend within a wreath of corn ears” type. A careful analysis of the data from the published coins of Kardia allows the identification of five main types: ². Head of Demeter/lion 2 with a spear; ²². Head of Demeter/lion walking; ²²². Head of Demeter/corn ear; ²V. Lion/ 2 corn-grain; V. Lion/wreath of corn ears . As it can be seen, the coinage of Kardia is not remarkable for its variety – the types comprise several main motifs: head of Demeter, lion and a corn ear/corn grain, apparently related by their meaning and symbolism. The further differentiation of the subtypes in this paper is based on the way the legend is presented – KAÐÄIA, KAÐÄIANOÓ, KAÐÄIAÍÙÍ, KAÐ-ÄIA or KAÐÄI-AÍÙÍ written in two lines or just the abbreviation KAÐ. Despite the general tendency of using the abbreviation of the legend on the minor nominal (see type V.À), it was not a strict rule and it was also found in its whole variant (type V.Â). The differentiation of the variants of the particular subtypes is based on the selection and the presentation of specific details of the images – lion, lion protome or lion’s head, lion walking or lion jumping. The differentiation of the particular issues is based on additional symbols or monograms. In most cases it is a single corn grain or a corn grain in a combination with a star, dolphin, pellet, quiver?, Y monogram (for the head of Demeter/lion with a spear and head of Demeter/lion walking types) or only with monogtams (E, I,   ) for the minor nominal types (types ²²² and ²V). Parallels of the images The common feature between images selected for types I and II is the same theme – head of Demeter on the obverse and a lion on the reverse. However, the iconography and the subject-matter are entirely different for the two types and allow differentiating between them. Type I shows the goddess’s profile (on the left in majority of the cases), with her hair adjusted, wreathed with corn ears, a single or triplependant earring and a necklace. The reverse bears a lion (or lion protome) walking left, the head en face, crouching on a horizontal line, holding a spear broken into two pieces. In the field above the lion is situated the city name/ ethnikon, attested in three variants – KAÐÄIA, KAÐÄIANOÓ or KAÐÄIAÍÙÍ, and in the The numbers correspond to the ones in the catalogue. 39 Julia Tzvetkova field below the lion but mostly in exergue – various symbols and monograms. Kardia’s coins share certain similarities with the coins of another Chersonesian city – Aigospotamoi – providing closest parallels to Demeter’s image on the obverse; the reverse bears the image of a goat as a type parlant for the city name (SNG Cop. 850-854). The coins of Sestos dated back to ca. 300 BC also provide parallels, where Demeter’s image on the obverse is represented in a similar way (Fritze 1907, 6, #7-9, Taf. I/ 13-15). Type II of the coins of Kardia bears ¾ facing head of Demeter, wreathed with corn ears, an earring and a necklace on the obverse and a lion regardant walking left on the reverse. The legend is situated above the lion while various symbols are visible in front of and below the lion. Here again the way of treatment of the reverse type finds close parallels in the above mentioned coins of Aigospotamoi but the image on the obverse is more similar to that on the coins of Krithote (SNG Cop. 886-888) and the bronze coins of Chersonese (SNG Cop. 847). Again the head of Demeter in profile is chosen as an obverse type in the next type III of Kardia’s coins but here on the reverse appears the image of corn ear and the legend (name or ethnikon) is depicted in two lines above and below it. The reverse type of Lysimacheia’s coins from the “lion’s head/corn ear” issue (SNG Cop. 918-920; Þðóêîâà 1998, 26, îáð. 13) is treated in similar way. This raises the question about the continuity in the coinage and the existence of iconographic tradition between Kardia and its successor Lysimacheia. The corn ear appears also as an additional symbol on the hemidrachms of the Thracian Chersonese (SNG Cop. 835; McClean ¹ 4084, 4089, 4101, 4110, Pl. 148/26, 31, Pl. 149/7, 15; Beschreibung 253-255, # 36-37, 52, 59) and the bronze coins of Madytos (SNG Cop. 923-926). In the type IV “lion/corn grain” the lion appears on the obverse represented in three different ways – walking, jumping or just lion’s head – which leads again to parallels with Lysimacheia coins (Þðóêîâà 1998, 26, îáð. 12) as well as the ones of Chersonese (SNG Cop. 844-846). The reverse type – a legend in two 40 lines above and below the corn grain – is identically depicted on the bronze coins of Chersonese (SNG Cop. 844-849) from which it was probably copied. The last distinguished type V “lion/legend within a wreath of corn ears” represents a lion protome breaking spear in its mouth on the obverse, also known as a reverse type and apparently chosen to fit within the small field of the coin. The design of the reverse type of this issue – the name of the city wreathed with corn ears – is identical to the one on coins of Elaious (SNG Cop. 889-893), Krithote (SNG Cop. 886) and in the 3rd century BC it was a common motif on coins of some neighbouring cities – Lysimacheia (Þðóêîâà 1998, 22), Bisanthe (Schönert-Geiß 1977, 4, 8 # 1-11, 10, # 38-41). The selection of the images on the coins of Kardia is based not only on aesthetic criteria but is also according to the local cultural, religious, economic or political traditions. The introduction of Demeter as a symbol of fertility as well as the floral symbols in the iconography of the coins has to be associated with the agriculture and the grain production. In general the Thracian Chersonese was considered by the ancient authors as a very fertile land with a rich crop, plenty of arable land (Eur. Hec. 8; Thuc. 1.11.1; Xen. Hell. 3.2.8; 10; Anab. 5.6.25; Schol. Aristoph. Eq. 262) and the wheat apparently was the traditional export product. Some researchers assume that the image of Demeter on the coins of Kardia was borrowed from the coins of Siracuse (Head 1911, 259; Babelon ²V, 995) but in this particular case it will be better to search for local iconographic parallels. Though with a different iconography, this type appears on the later coins of Lysimacheia and Bysanthe and after the mid 3rd century becomes very common in other mint houses as well (Perinthus, Byzantion, etc.). This fact has been attributed to the prime position of the goddess, being the Greek equivalent of the Great Mother, in the sanctuary on the island of Samothrace, which became very popular in the 3rd century (Þðóêîâà 1988, 23). The coin types of other cities on the peninsula already mentioned above such as Aigos- The Coinage of Kardia potamoi and Krithote dated back to the same period (the second half of the 4th century BC) provide closer parallels to Demeter’s image in terms of chronology and iconography. The repeated appearance of analogous coin types in Kardia, Aigospotamoi, Krithote, Elaious and the bronze coins of Chersonese raises the question of borrowing the images and provides grounds to suppose that the production of the coin stamps was controlled and the coins were issued by one and the same mint during a similar chronological period. Aside from the Greek poleis, the image of Demeter appears also on the coins of the Thracian king Kersebleptes. Apart from this, in the literature is pointed out that its iconography is similar to that of the bronze coins of Kardia and it is believed that this peculiarity can be attributed to the special relations between the Odrysian king and the Chersonesian city (Þðóêîâà 1992, 72; Peter 1997, 129). Principally, images of female deities appear for the first time in the iconographic repertoire of the coins of the Odrysian kings’ under Hebryzelmis – a turreted head of Cybele and a female head with the hair adjusted at the neck, which were defined as atypical for the Thracian royal coinage and interpreted as an indication of the pro-Greek orientation of this king in the sphere of culture and religion (Þðóêîâà 1992, 58). As far as the place where the coins of Hebryzelmis were minted is concerned, an opinion, although not a very explicit one, was expressed, that it could have happened not only in Kypsele but in Kardia as well (Òîïàëîâ 1994, 102, 122). While there are certain doubts about Hebryzelmis, we have all reasons to believe that an Odrysian royal mint had functioned in Kardia during the reign of Kersebleptes. Other arguments supporting the concept, apart from the already mentioned good relations between this Odrysian king and Kardia and the use of similar images on their coins, can be also found when comparing some of the elements from the general composition of the coin stamps such as the appearance of a corngrain as an additional symbol (see here # 1-44, 48-77; Þðóêîâà 1992, 72, # 70-71). The appearance of the lion in the iconogra- phy of the coins is not unexpected for Kardia. It can be found on the coins of Chersonese from the first period of coinage as well as on the silver hemidrachms of Chersonese from the second period. The latter are supposed to be minted in Kardia. The lion was associated with Miletus from where it was adopted by its apoikia Kardia (Head 1911, 257; Babelon I, 1229, # 3; Öâåòêîâà 2004, 18). It is just the 4th century BC coinage of Miletus in which the ”lion regardant standing left” reverse type of the coins of Kardia finds close iconographic parallels. As an obverse type it is found on the “lion regardant standing left/star (sometimes described as sun-symbol)” bronze coins of Miletus. Their date is debatable – they are either dated back to ca. 370-es BC or to the period 352-325 BC (Deppert-Lippitz 1984, # 258-303; Kinns 1986, 249 – after http://rjohara.net/coins/bronze-lion). In the mid 4th century BC are dated the first Rhodian-standard autonomous silver coins of Miletus (in the 353-323 BC period) and the contemporary bronze coins reproducing the “Apollo/ lion” type, on which the lion regardant and facing a star (or as described – an eight-point sun) is found this time as a reverse type (DeppertLippitz 1984, # 1-257 – after http://rjohara.net/ coins/apollo-lion-rhodian/#section-3). The lion on Kardia’s coins is depicted more realistic but in general the concept replicates the composition scheme taken from the coinage of Miletus. The analogies already pointed out provide grounds to synchronize Kardia’s “Demeter/ lion walking” type with the Miletus’s prototype and suggest a date, although in a broad period, between 346 and 323 BC, if the coinage of Kardia has started in 346 BC as proposed, though this discussed synchronization speaks more for an earlier date. Concerning the other subject used in Kardia’s coins – “lion, breaking a spear in its mouth” – the numismatic literature emphasizes the iconographic parallel to the coinage of the Macedonian kings (Barr-Sharrar 2008, 214, # 32). It appears depicted in a very similar way on the silver staters of Amyntas III dated back to 381-369 BC and the bronze coins of Perdiccas III (364-359 BC) (Äðàãàíîâ 2000, ## 11341 Julia Tzvetkova 114, 121-122). The similarity gave grounds for a suggestion, expressed in earlier publications, that the coins of Kardia belonged to the same chronological period (Beschreibung, 247). The motif is also known from the coinage of Methone, in which as a single coin type is represented a “female head right/ÌÅÈÙ. Lion breaking spear” definitely dated back before 354 BC, when the city was destroyed by Philip ²² (Gaebler 1935, 78-79, Psoma 2001, 115). However, the iconographic parallels pointed out provide grounds to suggest again an earlier date for the beginning of Kardia’s coinage – before 346 BC. The lion motif was not typical for the coinage of the Greek poleis from the neighbouring geographic region of Kardia. The lion protome appears as an exception in the Odrysian royal coinage only on coins of Hebryzelmis (Þðóêîâà 1992, # 44/1-2). However, by his coins the analogy with the Macedonian royal coinage is again pointed out as well as the iconographic and stylistic parallels to the bronze coins of Aeropus (396-393 BC) and Pausanias (390-389 BC), from which the image is supposed to have been accepted (Þðóêîâà 1992, 57; Peter 1997, 109). Some researchers interpret its appearance on the coins of the Odrysian king as a proof of his family relations with the Macedonian dynasty – being the son of Seuthes ² and Stratonice (Òîïàëîâ 1994, 99-100) or just as a demonstration of royal power (see the review in Peter 1997, 109-110). In spite of the iconographic parallels it is difficult to find a connection between the Chersonesian city and the Macedonian kings before 346 BC, when Philip ²² imposed his power upon the peninsula. If the fact that Kardia has adopted the subject typical for the ancestors of Philip II is related to the Macedonian prototypes, it has to be interpreted as a demonstration of the good relations with the Macedonian king. However, in contrast to the interpretation of the scene “lion breaking a spear” on the coins of Amyntas, which is regarded as a hunting one (Greenwalt 1997, 126), in the case of Kardia the meaning is rather different. The image was 3 aimed to imply a demonstration of superiority and victory, which could be related to Kardia’s eluding of Odrysian (?) control and gaining autonomy. On the other hand, it also seems logical that the use of this subject was intended to demonstrate Kardia’s escape from the Athenian wardship, when according to the treaty from 357 BC between Athens and Kersebleptes, the Chersonesian city explicitly stated its proOdrysian position. In this case it is possible to suggest an earlier date for the coinage of Kardia, ca. 357 BC, which is supported by the earlier parallels discussed above. Countermarks Four of Kardia’s coins included in the catalogue have been countermarked. All of them belong to the “Demeter/ KAÐÄIA. Lion with a spear” issue. All countermarks are put on the obverse and differ from each other – amphora (Cat. # 6 – SNG Evelpidis 1053), head of Athena (Cat. # 47 – SNG Cop. 865) and an unidentified symbol (Cat. # 20, 32 – Lischine 1022 3 and Plovdiv-2027). The amphora was used as a countermark by Sestos and appears as a type on its own coin from both periods of coinage from ca. 300 BC and ca. mid 2nd century BC (about the countermark see Ãåðàñèìîâ 1946, îáð. 28/10; about the coins of Sestos see Fritze 1907, 6-7, # 11, 19-20). The rest of the countermarks still remain unrelated to any city in Thrace and they definitely do not belong to the symbols, which Kardia itself used for countermarking. There is no unanimous opinion on Kardia’s own countermarks. A statement has been expressed that the star, which appears as an additional symbol on coins from types I and II, was used as a countermark by Kardia (Þðóêîâà 1992, 72-73) but Gerassimov relates it to Tomis (Ãåðàñèìîâ 1946, 58). On the other hand, the “corn ear” countermark usually related to Kardia (Ãåðàñèìîâ 1946, 68-69) is found on coins issued after 309 BC, i.e. after the end of Kardia’s coinage and obviously has to be related to another city – probably Lysimacheia (Ãåðàñèìîâ 1946, 69) or Mesambria (Þðóêîâà 1992, 194-195). It is a table amphora, sometimes described as “a two-handle vessel”. 42 The Coinage of Kardia Nominals Almost all of the coins discussed are very worn, so it is difficult to reconstruct the weight standard according to which the coins of Kardia were struck. In view with the fact that the diameter is an important element of the bronze coins (Peter 1997, 111) and considering the published metric data is possible to reconstruct three different nominals: Nominal À Demeter/lion with a spear legend KAÑÄIA type ².À.1 total number of coins: 54 diameter: 18-22,5 average diam. - 20 mm (47 coins) average weight: 8,14 gr (33 coins) Demeter/lion with a spear legend KAÑÄIAÍÙÍ type ².Â.1 total number of coins: 4 diameter: 19-21 average diam. - 20 mm (4 coins) average weight: Demeter/lion with a spear legend KAÑÄIANOÓ type ².Ñ total number of coins: 12 diameter: 18,5-22 average diam. - 20 mm (11 coins) average weight: 7,9 gr (6 coins) Demeter/lion walking type ²² total number of coins: 15 diameter: 18-21 average diam.19 mm (14 coins) average weight: 5,9 gr (8 coins) Nominal  Demeter/ lion protome with a spear legend KAÑÄIA type ².À.2 total number of coins: 1 diameter: 17,3õ15 mm Demeter/ lion protome with a spear legend KAÑÄIAÍÙÍ type ².Â.2 total number of coins: 4 diameter: 14,5-18; average diam. 16 mm (3 coins) average weight: 3,7 gr. (2 coins) Nominal Ñ lion/corn-grain type ²V total number of coins: 50 diameter: 9-14 average diam. 12 mm (40 coins) average weight: 1,68 gr (22 coins) lion/wreath of corn ears type V total number of coins: 4 diameter: 10,5-13,5 average diam. 11,5 mm (4 coins) average weight: 1,5 gr (2 coins) 43 Demeter/corn ear legend KAÑÄIA – type ²²².À legend KAÑÄIAÍÙÍ – type ²²². total number of coins: 12 diameter: 13-15,4; average diam. 13,7 mm (11 coins) average weight: 2,6 gr. (2 coins) average weight: 3,8 gr. Julia Tzvetkova The type distribution according to their average weight and diameter is presented on the diagram below: reverse is analogical. The presented diagram illustrates the correlation of the nominal weight, the smaller frac- The distinguishing of type ².À.2 (Demeter/ lion protome and a legend KAÑÄIA) raises certain doubts because it is represented only by one coin. The same type is known but with legend KAÑÄIAÍÙÍ (type ².Â.2) and it is represented by 4 coins. However, the observations on the single coin from type ².À.2 (cat. # 55), in spite of its poor preservation, reveal that the legend is in this short form; there is no space on the reverse for more letters and it is a lion protome depicted there. Probably the lion protome was the preferred image for the reverse of the minor nominal B corresponding to the nominal À of Demeter/lion with a spear type and was used as its smaller fraction. It could be suggested that similar minor nominal with a lion protome of the differentiated ².Ñ. subtype with a legend KAÐÄIANOÓ had existed. In spite of the small difference in size and weight the distinguishing of nominals A and B is reasonable also because of the different images. The case with the three-quarter head of Demeter found only on the middle nominal of type III is the same. The situation with the preferred images for nominal C where the head of Demeter on the obverse is replaced by the lion and a corn-grain or corn ears are chosen for the 4 5 tion weighing approximately half of the preceding one, so 1 nominal À = 2 nominal  = 4 nominal Ñ. The summarized observations on the coinage of Kardia do not provide evidence to suggest a more precise date of the coin issues. Further investigations aimed at filling in this particular gap in the knowledge should be based on coins coming from contexts with reliable stratigraphic position. In general, the coinage of Kardia can be dated back between 357/346 and 309 BC. The comparatively low number of coins (156 pieces included in the catalogue) evidences also the relatively short period in which the coinage took place. Type catalogue I. Head of Demeter/Lion with a spear I.A. Legend KAÑÄIA I.A.1. Head of Demeter/lion with a spear obv.: Head of Demeter left, with earring, necklace and wreath of corn ears; border of dots. rev.: KAÑÄIA. Lion crouching left, standing on a horizontal line, breaking a spear held in its mouth; different symbols and monograms; legend above the lion. rev.: symbols: in exergue – corn-grain 1. Æ; 22 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 1 5 4 With an * are marked the numbers shown in the table. Lischine 118 reports about another 7 coins with the symbol corn ear in exergue (# 1023), which variant is not attested in other coin catalogues and probably is wrong identified. 44 The Coinage of Kardia Æ; 20 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 2 Æ; 21 mm – Beschreibung 246, 3 Æ; 21 mm – Beschreibung 246, 4 Æ; 6,50 gr; 5 h – SNG Tübingen 923 Æ; 8,60 gr; 12 h – SNG Evelpidis 1053 note: on the obverse – countermark amphora 7. Æ; 7,22 gr; 9 h – SNG Manchester 774 note: legend KAPÄI[A] 8. Æ; 7,46 gr; 19 mm; 12 h – SNG Sweden II 797 9. Æ; 7,76 gr; 18,5 mm; 5 h – SNG Sweden II 798 10. Æ; 20 mm – Coll. Pozzi 2324 11. Æ; 7,94 gr; 19 mm – Weber 2445 12. Æ; 8,36 gr; 20,5 mm; 5 h – McClean 4135, Pl. 149, 36 13. Æ; 8,9 gr; 20 mm; Hunterian Coll. 386, 1 14. Æ; 21 mm – Lischine 1016 15. Æ; 21 mm – Lischine 1017 16. Æ; 19 mm – Lischine 1018 17. Æ; 19 mm – Lischine 1019 18. Æ; 19 mm – Lischine 1020 19. Æ; 19 mm – Lischine 1021 20. Æ; 21 mm – Lischine 1022 note: on the obverse – countermark 21. Æ; 8,179 gr; 20 mm; 10 h – München 20/169, 32 22. *Æ; 10,6 gr; 23 mm; 10 h – Münzen & Medaillen Deutschland GmbH, Auction 17, # 449 note: from the same obverse and reverse dies as ¹ 26 23. Æ; 7,46 gr; 19-20,5 mm; 4 h – Seuthopolis 2, # 312, Tab. V²²², 12. note: the grain ear in exergue is not notified by the description of the reverse type is not 24. Æ; 7,13 gr; 20 mm – Richard 1988, 486 25. Æ; 8,42 gr; 19x20 mm; 12 h – Seel, Franke 1967, 76 # 64, Abb. 3/64 26. *Æ; 7,8 gr; 20x21 mm; 10 h, thick. 0,4 mm – NAIMSofia 2615 note: from the same obverse and reverse dies as # 22 27. *Æ; 7,6 gr; 19x20,5 mm; 10 h, thick. 0,35 mm – NAIM-Sofia 12753 note: worn 28. Æ; 6,79 gr; 19 mm; 6 h, thick. 0,4 mm – AM-Septemvri-ÎÔ 2.350 29. Æ; 6,4 gr; 18 mm – AM-Stara Zagora ¹ 4Ñç 1649 30. Æ; 7,44 gr; 18-20 mm; 12 h, thick. 0,3 mm – AM6 Plovdiv 497 note: found in the region of Plovdiv 31. Æ; 9,05 gr; 19 mm; 6 h, thick. 0,4 mm – AM-Plovdiv 1389 note: found in the region of Plovdiv 32. *Æ; 7,75 gr; 19-20 mm; 7 h, thick. 0,3 mm – AM6 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Plovdiv 2027 note: on the obverse – countermark; found in the region of village of Brestovitsa rev.: symbols: in exergue – corn-grain and a star with 8 rays right of it 7 33. *Æ; 9.05 gr; 19 mm; 6 h – SNG Cop. 863 34. Æ; 20 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 3 35. Æ; 8,56 gr; 11 h – SNG Dreer 121 36. Æ; 21 mm – Beschreibung 246, 1, Taf. VI, 59 37. Æ; 21 mm – Beschreibung 246, 2 38. Æ; 8,877 gr; 20 mm – Hunterian Coll. 386, 2 rev.: symbols: under the lion – a star, in exergue – corn-grain 39. *Æ; 8,43 gr; 20 mm; 6 h – SNG Cop. 864 40. Æ; 20 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 8 41. Æ; 8,39 gr; 20 mm – Lindgren 859 42. Æ; 21 mm – Beschreibung 246, 7 note: legend KAPÄ[… 43. Æ; 9,17 gr; 21 mm – Weber 2446 44. Æ; 22,5 mm – Lischine 1015 45. *Æ; 8,51 gr; 20 mm; 11 h – Classical Numismatic Group, Mail Bid Sale 76, # 207 46. *Æ; 8,61 gr; 20 mm; – Classical Numismatic Group, Triton V, # 327 rev.: symbols: in exergue – corn-grain and a dolphin right of it 47. *Æ; 7,34 gr; 18 mm; 1 h – SNG Cop. 865 note: on the obverse – countermark head of Athena 48. Æ; 20 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 4 49. Æ; 19 mm – Beschreibung 246, 6 rev.: symbols: in exergue – corn-grain, right of it – monogram Y 50. Æ; 19 mm – Beschreibung 246, 5 rev.: symbols: in exergue – corn-grain; right of it – unclear symbol 51. Æ; 8,9 gr; 19,9 mm; 3 h – Winterthur 1209 rev.: unclear symbol in exergue 52. *Æ; 8,27 gr; 22 mm; 11 h – SNG Milano V²/3, 184 note: legend KAPÄ[…; the symbol is described as “quiver?” 53. Æ; 9,30 gr; 19 mm; 12 h, thick. 0,46 mm – AM-Septemvri ÎÔ 2.15 note: corroded, the symbol is unclear – perhaps corngrain? 7 In the inventory book of the museum one more coin from that type is described found in the region of Stara Zagora (# 803), subsequently lost. The diameter of all coins in SNG Cop is measured according the illustration in the catalogue. 45 Julia Tzvetkova obv.: head of Demeter right/rev.: unclear symbol in exergue 54. *Æ; 7,99 gr; 19 mm; 1 h – SNG Milano V²/3, 185 note: the legend is illegible I.A.2. Head of Demeter/ protome of a lion with a spear obv.: Head of Demeter right rev.: Protome of a lion, breaking a spear in its mouth left; symbol – corn-grain right under the lion. 55. *Æ; 3,8 gr; 17,3õ15 mm; 10 h – RHM-Haskovo 1223 note: very corroded ².B. Legend KAÑÄIAÍÙÍ I.B.1. Head of Demeter/lion with a spear obv.: Head of Demeter right or left with triple-pendant earring and a wreath of corn ears; border of dots. rev.: KAÑÄIAÍÙÍ. Lion breaking a spear held in its mouth, crouching over a horizontal line left or right; in exergue – different symbols; legend – above the lion. obv.: Head of Demeter left/rev.: Lion left; symbol – corn-grain 56. Æ; 21 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 5 57. Æ; 21 mm – Beschreibung 247, 10 note: legend – KAPÄIAÍÙ[… 58. Æ; 19 mm – Coll. Pozzi 2325 obv.: Head of Demeter left/rev.: Lion right, symbol – corn-grain 59. Æ; 20 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 9 note: legend illegible I.Â.2. Head of Demeter/Protome of a lion with a spear obv.: Head of Demeter right rev.: Protome of a lion left breaking a spear held in its mouth; symbol – corn-grain right under the lion. 60. Æ; 18 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 10 note: legend […]AÍ […]ÙÍ 61. Æ; 15 mm – Beschreibung 247, 14 62. *Æ; 3,70 gr; 17 mm; 3 h – SNG Cop. 867 63. *Æ; 3,70 gr; 15,5õ17 mm; 11 h, thick. 0,25 mm – NAIM-Sofia 1900 note: legend […]ÄÉAÍÙ[…] ².C. Legend KAÑÄIANOÓ obv.: Head of Demeter left with a single-pendant earring 8 and a wreath of corn ears. rev.: KAÑÄIANOÓ. Lion crouching left, breaking a spear held in its mouth, standing on a horizontal line; in exergue and above the lion – different symbols; legend – above the lion. rev.: symbol – corn-grain 64. Æ; 22 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 6 65. Æ; 20 mm – BMC Thrace, 189, 7 66. Æ; 19 mm – Beschreibung 246, 8 note: legend - KAPÄIANO 67. Æ; 19 mm – Beschreibung 247, 9 note: legend – KAPÄIAÍ[… 68. Æ; 21 mm – Lischine 1024 69. Æ; 21 mm – Prokesch-Osten 209, 2 70. Æ; 8,37 gr; 20 mm; 6 h – Zwicker II, Z 769 71. *Æ; 8,05 gr; 19 mm; 6 h – SNG Cop. 862 note: the legend is described as KAPÄIA, but on the picture parts from a next letter N can be seen; the iconography of the obverse die allows to attribute the coin to this issue. obv.: symbol – corn-grain, right of it - pellet 72. *Æ; 6,5 gr; 20 mm; 6 h, thick. 0,4 – NAIM-Sofia 8734 note: legend – KAPÄIAÍ[…; from the same reverse die as # 73, but from different obverses. 73. *Æ; 7,80 g – Gorny&Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 121, # 56 note: legend – KAPÄIANO[…]; from the same reverse die as # 72, but from different obverses. 74. *Æ; 8,60 gr; 21 mm – Classical Numismatic Group, Mail Bid Sale 60, # 419 obv.: symbol – corn-grain, above – bunch of grape 75. *Æ; 8,3 gr; 20x21 mm; 12; thick. 0,4 mm – NAIMSofia 1899 ²². Head of Demeter/Standing regardant lion I².A. Legend KAPÄIA obv.: Head of Demeter ¾ left with a wreath of corn ears, triple-pendant earring and necklace; border of dots. rev.: KAÑÄIA. Lion regardant standing left; different symbols; legend – above the lion. 8 rev.: symbols: under the lion – corn-grain 76. Æ; 19 mm – BMC Thrace, 190, 11 77. *Æ; 4,56 gr; 17 mm; 12 h – SNG Cop. 866 note: legend – KAPÄ[...] 78. Æ; 6,29 gr; 20 mm – Lindgren 860 79. Æ; 19 mm – Lischine 1028 80. Æ; 7,013 gr; 20 mm; 5 h – München 20/169, 32à, Lischine 118f. describes another two bronze coins without symbol in exergue (# 1025-1026), but such variant is not presented in the other coin catalogues and perhaps was incorrectly identified. 46 The Coinage of Kardia acc. 42362 81. *Æ; 5,1 gr; 18 mm; 4 h; thick. 0,3 mm – NAIMSofia 2617 rev.: symbols: under the lion – corn-grain; left in front 9 of the lion – star with 8 rays 82. Æ; 20 mm – Coll. Pozzi 2326 83. Æ; 21 mm – Beschreibung 247, 11 84. Æ; 19 mm – Beschreibung 247, 12 85. Æ; 19 mm – Beschreibung 247, 13 note: legend KARÄ[... 86. Æ; 6,31 gr; 20 mm – Weber 2444 87. Æ; 21 mm – Prokesch-Osten 208, 1 88. *Æ; 5,95 gr; 19 mm – Classical Numismatic Group, Triton V, ¹ 328 note: from the same obverse die as # 89 89. *Æ; 6,6 gr; 20 mm; 6h – Classical Numismatic Group, Triton XI, ¹ 89 note: from the same obverse die as # 88 obv.: as above, but the head of Demeter ¾ right/rev.: symbols: under the lion – corn-grain; left in front of the lion – star with 8 rays 90. *Æ; 5,6 gr; 18 mm; 11h; thick. 0,4 mm – NAIM-Sofia 9966 ²²². Head of Demeter/Corn ear ²I².A. Legend KAPÄIA obv.: Head of Demeter right with earring, necklace, hair rolled, within linear square. rev.: KAÑ-ÄIA. Corn ear. Legend – above and below the corn ear. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. Æ; 15 mm – BMC Thrace, 190, 12 Æ; 13 mm – BMC Thrace, 190, 13 Æ; 12 mm – Beschreibung 248, 26 Æ; 13,5 mm – Beschreibung 248, 27 Æ; 13,5 mm – Beschreibung 248, 28 Æ; 13,5 mm – Beschreibung 248, 29 10 Æ; 13,5 mm – Lischine 1030 Æ; 15,4 mm – Prokesch-Osten 209, 3 *Æ; 2,33 g – Fritz Rudolf Künker Münzenhandlung, Auction 94, ¹ 551 100.Æ; 2,9 gr; 14 mm; 11 h; thick. 0,3 mm – NAIM-Sofia 2614 ²I².B. Legend KAPÄIAÍÙÍ obv.: Head of Demeter right. rev.: KAÑÄI-AÍÙÍ. Corn ear. All within a wreath of corn ears; different monograms. rev.: without monogram 101.*Æ; 13,5 mm – Lischine 1032 rev.: monogram 11 102.Æ; 15,4 mm – Lischine 1029 ²V. Lion/corn-grain IV.A. Legend KAÑ-ÄIA IV.A.1. Lion standing/corn-grain obv.: Lion standing right or left with or without different monograms; border of dots. rev.: KAÑ-ÄIA. corn-grain; legend: KAÑ – above the grain, ÄIA – under the grain; all within a linear square. obv.: Lion standing left, without monogram 103.*Æ; 1,84 gr; 13 mm; 6 h – SNG Cop. 868 104.Æ; 1,729 gr; 9 h – SNG Dreer 122 105.Æ; 1,419 gr; 5 h – SNG Dreer 123 106.Æ; 1,09 gr; 12 mm – Lindgren 861 107.Æ; 13,5 mm – Beschreibung 248, 21 108.Æ; 13,5 mm – Beschreibung 248, 22 109.Æ; 1,87 gr; 12 mm – Weber 2447 110.Æ; 12 mm – Lischine 1034 111. Æ; 12 mm – Lischine 1035 112.Æ; 12 mm – Lischine 1036 113.Æ; 12 mm – Lischine 1037 114.Æ; 12 mm – Prokesch-Osten 209, 4 115.*Æ; 2,6 g – Gorny&Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 138, # 1153 obv.: Lion standing right, without monogram 116.Æ; 14 mm – BMC Thrace, 190, 14 117.Æ; 13,5 mm – Lischine 1033 118.Æ; 1,551 gr; 12 mm; 8 h – München 20/169, 34 obv.: Lion standing left; monogram E above the lion. 119.Æ; 13 mm – BMC Thrace, 190, 15 120.Æ; 12 mm – BMC Thrace, 190, 16 121.Æ; 11 mm – Coll. Pozzi 2327 IV.A.2. Lion jumping/corn-grain obv.: Lion jumping left with or without different mono9 10 11 Lischine 119 describes one more similar coin, but without the corn grain in exergue (# 1027). This variant is not presented in other coin catalogues and perhaps the coin can be ascribed to this type, where the die was punched eccentric and not all of its parts are visible on the reverse. Lischine 119 describes one more coin (# 1031) from an unknown type “head of Artemis right/KAP-ÄIA on either side of a club all within linear square”. The absence in other coin catalogues of such specimens puts its identification under question. In the description of the reverse type instead of corn ear appears a club. According to the iconographic repertoire of the coinage of Kardia, there should be expected the corn ear. 47 Julia Tzvetkova grams. rev.: KAÑ-ÄIA. Corn-grain and legend within linear square; legend: KAÑ – above the grain, ÄIA – under the grain. obv.: Lion jumping left, without monogram 122.Æ; 12 mm – Beschreibung 248, 23 123.Æ; 13,5 mm – Beschreibung 248, 24 124.Æ; 1,88 gr; 13 mm; 6 h – McClean 4138 125.Æ; 2,05 gr; 12,5 mm; 6 h – McClean 4139, Pl. 149, 39 126.Æ; 2,403 gr; 11 mm; 1 h – München 20/169, 33 127.*Æ; 2,42 g. – Auctiones AG, Auction 29, # 231 128.*Æ; 2,5 gr; 11õ12,5 mm; 5 h; thick. 0,3 mm – NAIM-Sofia 2616 obv.: Lion jumping left; monograms: Å above the lion, ² – under the lion 129.*Æ; 2,32 gr; 12 mm; 5 h – SNG Cop. 869 130.Æ; 11,5 mm – Beschreibung 248, 25 ²V.A.3. Lion’s head/corn-grain obv.: Lion’s head right, border of dots. rev.: KAÑ-ÄIA. Corn-grain; legend: KAÑ – above the grain, ÄIA – under the grain; all within a linear square. 131.Æ; 13 mm – BMC Thrace, 190, 17 132.Æ; 12 mm – BMC Thrace, 238, 17à 133.Æ; 12 mm – Beschreibung 247, 15 134.Æ; 11,5-13,5 mm – Beschreibung 247, 16 135.Æ; 11,5-13,5 mm – Beschreibung 247, 17 136.Æ; 11,5-13,5 mm – Beschreibung 247, 18 137.*Æ; 1,20 gr; 11 mm; 12 h – SNG Cop. 870 138.Æ; 2,08 gr; 13 mm– Lindgren 862 139.Æ; 0,9 gr; 10,5 mm; 3 h – McClean 4136, Pl. 149, 37 140.Æ; 10,5 mm – Lischine 1039 141.Æ; 13,5 mm – Lischine 1040 142.Æ; 9 mm – Prokesch-Osten 209, 5 IV.Â. Legend KAPÄIA obv.: Lion’s head left, linear border. rev.: KAÑÄIA. Corn-grain, corn ear and legend within linear square; legend – between the two symbols. 143.Æ; 12 mm – BMC Thrace, 190, 18 144.Æ; 12 mm – Beschreibung 248, 19 145.*Æ; 1,40 gr; 10,5 mm; 12 h – SNG Cop. 871 note: legend KAPÄI[…] 146.Æ; 1,20 gr; 12 h – SNG Evelpidis 1054 note: legend – [K]APÄIA 12 147.Æ; 1,16 gr; 12 h – Lindgren 863 148.Æ; 1,12 gr; 11,5 mm; 12 h – McClean 4137, Pl. 149, 38 149.Æ; 10,5 mm – Lischine 1038 150.Æ; 1,32 gr; 11 mm; 12 h – München 20/169, 35 151.Æ; 1,52 gr; 11 mm; 6 h; thick. 0,2 mm – AM-Septemvri ÎÔ 2.374 note: worn 152.Æ; 1,21 gr; 12 mm; 4 h; thick. 0,18 mm – AM-Plov12 div 427 note: legend – KAPÄ[IA]; found in the region of Yambol V. Lion/wreath of corn ears V.À. Legend KAÑ obv.: Protome of a lion left, breaking a spear in its mouth; all within linear square. rev.: KAÑ. Wreath of corn ears; legend – within the wreath. 153.*Æ; 12 mm – Beschreibung 248, 20 154.Æ; 10,5 mm – Lischine 1041 155.Æ; 10,5 mm – Lischine 1042 note: worn V.Â. Legend KAÑÄIAÍÙÍ obv.: Lion crouching left; border of dots. rev.: KAÑÄIAÍÙÍ. Wreath of corn ears; legend – around the wreath. 156.*Æ; 1,5 gr; 13,5 mm; 1 h; thick. 1,5 mm – NAIMSofia 7005 note: corroded BIBLIOGRAPHY Auction on-line catalogues: Auctiones AG, Auction 29, ¹ 231, Auction date: June 12th, 2003 Classical Numismatic Group, Triton V, Auction date: January 15th, 2002, # 327 Classical Numismatic Group, Mail Bid Sale 60, Auction date: May 22nd 2002, # 419 Classical Numismatic Group, Mail Bid Sale 76, Auction date: September 12th, 2007, # 207 Classical Numismatic Group, Triton XI, Auction date: January 8th, 2008, # 89 Fritz Rudolf Künker Münzenhandlung, Auction 94, Auction date: September 27th, 2004, # 551 Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction 121, Auction date: March 10th, 2003, # 56 Gorny & Mosch Giessener Münzhandlung, Auction In the inventory book of the museum one more coin from that type is described found in the region of Plovdiv (# 498), subsequently lost. 48 The Coinage of Kardia 138, Auction date: March 7th, 2005, Lot number: 1153 Münzen & Medaillen Deutschland GmbH, Auction 17, Auction date: October 4th, 2005, Lot number: 449 Catalogues of coin collections: Beschreibung = Sallet, A. v. (ed.). Beschreibung der antiken Münzen (Königliche Museen zu Berlin). Bd. I Taurische Chersonesus, Sarmatien, Dacien, Pannonien, Moesien, Thracien, thrakische Könige. Berlin 1888. BMC Thrace = Gardner, P./Head B., A. Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. The Tauric Chersonese, Sarmatia, Dacia, Moesia, Thrace, etc. London 1877 (repr. Bologna 1963). Coll. Pozzi = Boutin, S. Catalogue des monnaies grecques antiques de l’ancienne collection Pozzi. Monnaies frappées en Europe. Maastricht 1979. Hunterian Coll = Macdonald, G. Catalogue of Greek coins in the Hunterian collection, University of Glasgow. Volume I: Italy, Sicily, Macedon, Thrace and Thessaly. Glasgow 1899. Lindgren, H. C. 1989. Ancient Greek Coins: European Mints from the Lindgren Collection. San Mateo. Lischine, C. N. 1902. Collection C. N. Lischine. Monnaies grecques, Thrace. Mâcon. McClean = Grose, S. W. Fitzwilliam Museum. Catalogue of the McClean Collection of Greek Coins, vol. II The Greek Mainland, The Aegean Islands, Crete. Cam2 bridge 1923-1929; Chicago1979 . Prokesch-Osten, A. V. 1872. Autonome thrakische Münzen der Sammlung Prokesch-Osten. Numismatische Zeitschrift 4, 185-230. Seel, O./Franke, P. R. 1967. Die Münzsammlung des Seminars für Klassische Philologie der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Archäologischer Anzeiger, 64-92. SNG Cop = SNG. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, P. 6-7. Thrace. Copen2 hagen 1943; New Jersey 1982 . SNG Dreer = SNG Sammlung Dreer/Klagefurt im Landesmuseum für Kärtner. III Teil. Thracien-Macedonien-Päonien. Klagefurt 1990. SNG Evelpidis = SNG Gréce. Collection Réna Evelpidis. Athenes. Louvain 1970. SNG Manchester = SNG VII. Manchester University Museum. The Raby and Gütherbock Collections. London 1986. SNG Milano VI/3 = NOVELLA Vismara, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Italia. Milano. Volume VI. Macedonia – Thracia, 3. Chersonesus Tauricus – Sarmatia – Thracia – Chersonesus Thraciae – Isole della Thracia. Milano 2000. SNG Sweden II = SNG Sweden II. The Collection of the Royal Coin Cabinet National Museum of Monetary History Stockholm, Part 2. Thrace – Euboia. Stockholm 1980. SNG Tübingen = SNG Deutschland, Münzsammlung der Universität Tübingen. 2. Heft. Thaurische Chersones - Korkyra. Berlin 1982. Weber = Forrer, L. The Weber Collection, vol. II. Greek Coins. London 1924 (repr. New York 1975) Winterthur = Bloesch, H. Griechische Münzen in Winterthur, Text- und Tafelband I. Winterthur 1987. Zwicker = Zwicker, U. Griechische Münzen (Griechenland, Ägäis, Pontus, Paphlagonien und Bithynien). Sammlung Zwicker, T. 2. Erlangen 1996. Articles: Àëàäæîâ, Ä./Ãåîðãèåâ, È./Áàëàáàíÿí, Ä./Âàñåâà, Ñ./Ïåòðîâ, È./Êàìåíîâà, Ê. 1981. Êîíñòàíöèÿ ‘77. – ÈÍÈÌ 3, 265-333. Äðàãàíîâ, Ä. 2000. Ìîíåòèòå íà ìàêåäîíñêèòå öàðå. ×àñò I: Îò Àëåêñàíäúð I äî Àëåêñàíäúð Âåëèêè. ßìáîë. Ãåðàñèìîâ, Ò. 1946. Àíòè÷íè ìîíåòè ñ êîíòðàìàðêè îò Äîëíà Ìèçèÿ è Òðàêèÿ. – ÈÁÀÈ 15, 51-81. Éîðäàíîâ, Ê. 1998. Ïîëèòè÷åñêèòå âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó Ìàêåäîíèÿ è òðàêèéñêèòå äúðæàâè (359-281 ïð. Õð.). Ñîôèÿ. Ìóòàôîâ, Â./Êîé÷åâ, À. 2002. Óíèêàëüíàÿ íàõîäêà ïðåäìåòîâ è ìîíåò ôðàêèéñêèõ âëàäåòåëåé è ãîðîäîâ Ìàëîé Àçèè, ñâÿçàííàÿ ñ ïîãðåáåíèåì ôðàêèéñêîãî âëàäåòåëÿ Êåðñåáëåïòà (341/340-339). In: Thrace and the Aegean. Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Thracology, Sofia-Yambol 2529.09.2000. Sofia. 633-650. Ìóøìîâ, Í. 1912. Àíòè÷íèòå ìîíåòè íà Áàëêàíñêèÿ ïîëóîñòðîâ è ìîíåòèòå íà òðàêèéñêèòå öàðå. Ñîôèÿ. Ñåâòîïîëèñ 2 = Äèìèòðîâ, Ê./Ïåí÷åâ, Â. 1984. Ñåâòîïîëèñ. Òîì 2. Àíòè÷íè è ñðåäíîâåêîâíè ìîíåòè. Ñîôèÿ. Òà÷åâà, Ì. 2006. Öàðåòå íà äðåâíà Òðàêèÿ. Ñîôèÿ. Òîïàëîâ, Ñ. 1994. Îäðèñêîòî öàðñòâî îò êðàÿ íà V äî ñðåäàòà íà IV â.ïð.í.e. Ïðèíîñè êúì ïðîó÷âàíå íà ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî è èñòîðèÿòà ìó. Ñîôèÿ. Õàðêî, Ë. Ï. 1964. Ìîíåòû èç ðàñêîïîê Îëüâèè â 1946-1947 ãã. In: Îëüâèÿ. Òåìåíîñ è àãîðà. Ìîñêâà-Ëåíèíãðàä. 331-379. Öâåòêîâà, Þ. 2008. Èñòîðèÿ íà Òðàêèéñêèÿ Õåðñîíåñ. Ñîôèÿ. Öâåòêîâà, Þ. 2004. Ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Òðàêèéñêèÿ Õåðñîíåñ – ïðîáëåìè íà õðîíîëîãèÿòà è ïåðèîäèçàöèÿòà. In: Acta Musei Varnensis ²². Íóìèçìàòè÷íè è ñôðàãèñòè÷íè ïðèíîñè êúì èñòîðèÿòà íà Çàïàäíîòî ×åðíîìîðèå, Ìåæäóíàðîäíà êîíôåðåíöèÿ, Âàðíà 12-15 ñåïòåìâðè 2001 ã. Âàðíà. 17-31. Þðóêîâà, É. 1992. Ìîíåòèòå íà òðàêèéñêèòå ïëåìåíà è âëàäåòåëè. Ñîôèÿ. 49 Julia Tzvetkova Þðóêîâà, Þ. 1988. Áðîíçîâîòî ìîíåòîñå÷åíå íà Ëèçèìàõèÿ. – Íóìèçìàòèêà è ñôðàãèñòèêà 5, 1, 16-30. Abdera = ’ÁíáóêáöÞ óôÜ ’¢âäçñá. – ÐñáêôéêÜ 1976, 1978, 131-137. Babelon I = Babelon E., Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines. Deuxième partie: Description historique, T. I: Comprenant les monnaies grecques depuis les origines jusqu’aux Guerres médiques. Paris 1907. Babelon IV = Babelon. Traité des monnaies grecques et romaines. Deuxième partie: Description Historique, T. IV: Comprenant les monnaies de la Grèce Septentrionale e e aux V et IV sieces av. J.-C. Paris 1926 (repr. Bologna, 1932). Berve, H. 1937. Miltiades. Studien zur Geschichte des Mannes und seiner Zeit. Berlin. Barr-Sharrar, B. 2008. The Derveni krater: Masterpiece of Classical Greek Metalwork. Bilabel, F. 1920. Die ionische Kolonisation: Untersuchungen über die Gründungen der Ionier, deren staatliche und kultliche Organisation und Beziehung zu den Mutterstädten. Leipzig. Casson, St. 1926. Macedonia, Thrace and Illyria. Their Relations to Greece from the Earliest Times to the Time of Philip, Son of Amyntas. Oxford. (Gröningen 2 1968 ) Deppert-Lippitz, B. 1984. Die Münzprägung Milets vom vierten bis ersten Jahrhundert v. Chr. Frankfurt a/M. Fritze, H. von. 1907. Sestos. Die Menas Inschrift und das Münzwesen der Stadt. – Nomisma 1, 1-13. Gaebler, H. 1935. Die antiken Münzen von Makedonien und Paionia. 2. Abteilung. Berlin. Galani-Krikou, M. 1996. ÐñïóÝããéóç óôç vïìéóìáôéêïðßá ôçò Æþíçò. Ç ìáñôõñßá ôçò áíáóêáöÞò óôçí áéãáéáêÞ Ìåóçìâñßá-Æþíç. – In: Charakter. Studies in Honour of Manto Oikonomidou. Athens. 63-78. Greenwalt, W. 1997. Thracian influence on the ideology of Argead kingship. – In: Thrace Ancienne. Actes 2e Symposium International des Etudes Thraciennes. Komotini, vol. 1, 121-134. Head B. W. 1911. Historia Numorum. Oxford. Isaac, B. 1986. The Greek Settlements in Thrace until the Macedonian Conquest. Leiden. Kinns, Ph. 1986. The coinage of Miletus. – Numismatic Chronicle 146, 234-260. Müller, D. 1997. Topographischer Bildkommentar zu den Historien Herodotus, Bd. II Kleinasien und angrenzende Gebiete mit Südostthrakien und Zypern. Tübingen. Olynthus III = Robinson, D. M. 1931. Excavations at Olynthus, Part III: The Coins Found at Olynthus in 1928. Baltimore-London. Olynthus VI = Robinson, D. M. 1933. Excavations at Olynthus. Part VI: The Coins Found at Olynthus in 1931. Baltimore-London. Olynthus IX = Robinson, D. M. 1938. Clement P. M., Excavations at Olinthus. Part IX: The Chalcidic Mint and the Excavation Coins Found in 1928-1934. BaltimoreLondon. Peter U. 1997. Die Münzen der thrakischen Dynasten (5.-3. Jahrhundert v. Chr.): Hintergründe ihrer Prägung. Berlin. Richard, F. 1988. Une monnaie de Cardia (Chersonese de Thrace) du IV-e s. av. J-C. trouvée à Taulhac (Commune du Puy). – Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique 43, 10, 486-487. Sayar, M. 2007. Lysimacheia: eine hellenistische Hauptstadt auf der thrakischen Chersones. In: Proceedth ings of the 10 International Congress of Thracology, Komotini-Alexandroupolis 18-23 October 2005. Athens. 514-517. Sayar, M. 1998. Dogu Trakya’da epigrafi ve tarihcografya arastýrmalarý 1997. – AST 16, 1998, 1, 423-431 Sayar, M. 1997. Dogu Trakya’da epigrafi ve tarihcografya arastýrmalarý 1996. – AST 15, 1, 323-330 Schönert-Geiß, Ed. 1999. Bibliographie zur antiken Numismatik Thrakiens und Moesiens. Berlin. Schönert-Geiß, Ed. 1977. Die Münzprägung von Bisanthe, Dikaia, Selymbira. Berlin. Thassos = Chronique de fouilles et decouvertes archéologiques en Grèece en 1949. – BCH 74, 1950, 290377. Tzvetkova, J. 2007. “The War over Chersonese”. Zur Chronologie und Periodisierung des athenisch-odrysischen Konflikts um die Thrakische Chersones. In: Proth ceedings of the 10 International Congress of Thracology, Komotini-Alexandroupolis, 18-23 October 2005. Athens. 657-668. ÌÎÍÅÒÎÑÅ×ÅÍÅÒÎ ÍÀ ÊÀÐÄÈß Þëèÿ Öâåòêîâà (ðåçþìå) Èñòîðè÷åñêî ðàçâèòèå Àíòè÷íèÿò ãðàä Êàðäèÿ å ðàçïîëîæåí íà ñåâåðîçàïàäíîòî êðàéáðåæèå íà ïðîâëàêà íà Òðàêèéñêèÿ Õåðñîíåñ (äí. Ãàëèïîëñêè ïîëóîñòðîâ), íà ïëàòîòî íà äí. íîñ Áàêëà áóðóí.  äðåâíîñòòà òîé å åäèí îò íàé-âàæíèòå ãðàäîâå íà Òðàêèéñêèÿ Õåðñîíåñ.  èñòîðè÷åñêîòî ìó ðàçâèòèå ñå î÷åðòàâàò íÿêîëêî ñúùåñòâåíè ìîìåíòà: ïîëèñúò âúçíèêâà êàòî éîíèéñêà àïîéêèÿ, îñíîâàí ïúðâîíà÷àëíî îò ìèëåòöè è êëàçîìåíöè (îê. 644/40 ã. ïð. Õð.) è âòîðè ïúò îò àòèíÿíèòå íà Ìèëòèàä Ñòàðè îê. 556/ 5 ã. ïð. Õð. (Ps.-Skymn. 699; Strabo 7. fr. 52 (51).  ðàìêèòå íà ²V â. ïð. Õð. ðàéîíúò íà Òðàêèéñêèÿ Õåðñîíåñ ñòàâà àðåíà íà áîðáèòå ìåæäó Àòèíà è 50 The Coinage of Kardia Îäðèñêàòà äúðæàâà. Âåðîÿòíî îùå ïðåç 365 ã. ïð. Õð. Êàðäèÿ ïîïàäà ïîä êîíòðîëà íà Êîòèñ è ñëóæè çà áàçà íà êàìïàíèèòå êúì Õåðñîíåñ, êàêòî íà Êîòèñ, òàêà è íà ñèíà ìó Êåðñåáëåïò (Dem. 23.181).  èçâîðèòå å çàñâèäåòåëñòâàíî ïîä÷åðòàíîòî ïðîîäðèñêî ïîâåäåíèå íà ãðàäà. Ïðèíàäëåæíîñòòà íà Êàðäèÿ êúì çîíàòà íà îäðèñêîòî ïîëèòè÷åñêî âëèÿíèå å îòáåëçàíî â ìèðíèÿ äîãîâîð ìåæäó Àòèíà è òðàêèéñêèòå öàðå Áåðèñàä, Àìàäîê è Êåðñåáëåïò îò 357 ã. ïð. Õð. Ïî âñÿêà âåðîÿòíîñò Êàðäèÿ å èçïîëçâàëà îäðèñêî-àòèíñêèòå ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ, çà äà äîáèå ïîâå÷å ñàìîñòîÿòåëíîñò îò âòîðàòà ñè ìåòðîïîëèÿ è èêîíîìè÷åñêè èçãîäè â ðàéîíà, êîíòðîëèðàí îò îäðèñèòå. Ìíîãî å âúçìîæíî Êàðäèÿ äà å ðàçïîëàãàëà ñ îñîáåíè ïðèâèëåãèè è áëàãîäàðåíèå íà òîâà (è íå áåç ñúãëàñèåòî íà îäðèñêèòå öàðå) íåéíîòî âëèÿíèå ñå ðàçïðîñòèðà èçâúí ãðàíèöàòà íà Òðàêèéñêè Õåðñîíåñ êúì ðàéîíà íà óñòèåòî íà ð. Ìåëàñ, êúäåòî òÿ îñíîâàâà åìïîðèîíà Êîáðèñ (Ps.-Skyl. 67). Îòíîøåíèÿòà ú ñ îäðèñêèòå öàðå åäâà ëè ñà íàðóøàâàëè íåéíàòà àâòîíîìèÿ è ïî-ñêîðî òðÿáâà äà ñå ðàçãëåæäàò êàòî ñúþçíè. Ñëåäâàùèÿò ïðåëîìåí ìîìåíò â èñòîðè÷åñêîòî ðàçâèòèå íà ðàéîíà å ñâúðçàí ñ óòâúðæäàâàíåòî òàì íà ìàêåäîíñêàòà âëàñò ñëåä ïîáåäàòà íà Ôèëèï ²² íàä Êåðñåáëåïò. Ôèëîêðàòîâèÿò ìèð îò 346 ã. ïð. Õð. çàòâúðæäàâà çàâîåâàíèÿòà íà Ôèëèï ²² è ñïåöèàëíî ïîëîæåíèåòî íà Êàðäèÿ. Òÿ å çàâçåòà è ñòàâà ìàêåäîíñêà áàçà íà ïîëóîñòðîâà, ó÷àñòâàéêè â äîãîâîðà íà ñòðàíàòà íà Ôèëèï (Dem. 8.58, 64, 66; 9.35; 10.18, 60, 65, 68), êàòî ïî òîçè íà÷èí ïðîäúëæàâà àíòè-àòèíñêàòà ñè ëèíèÿ íà ïîâåäåíèå. Îòíîøåíèÿòà ìåæäó Ôèëèï è Êàðäèÿ ìîãàò äà áúäàò îïðåäåëåíè êàòî ñèìàõèÿ, â ñìèñúë íà íåçàâèñèì íåãîâ ñúþçíèê (Kahrstedt 1954, 36; Hammond, Griffith 1979, 564). Íà ïðàêòèêà íîâàòà ìàêåäîíñêà âëàñò íàñëåäÿâà îäðèñêàòà â ñåâåðíèòå ðàéîíè íà Òðàêèéñêèÿ Õåðñîíåñ è ïîåìà ôóíêöèèòå u íà ãëàâåí àðáèòúð. Çà âðåìåòî îêîëî è ñëåä ñìúðòòà íà Àëåêñàíäúð Âåëèêè â Êàðäèÿ å óòâúðäåí êàòî òèðàí Õåêàòåé (Diod. 18.14.4; Plut. Eumen. 3). Îñíîâàâàíåòî íà Ëèçèìàõèÿ ïðåç 309/8 ã. ïð. Õð. ïðåêúñâà âúçõîäÿùîòî ðàçâèòèå íà Êàðäèÿ. Âúçíèêâàíåòî â áëèçîñò íà çíà÷èìèÿ åëèíèñòè÷åñêè öåíòúð ðåôëåêòèðà âúðõó íåÿ – òÿ å èçìåñòåíà ïî âàæíîñò îò íîâàòà ñòîëèöà è èçïúëíÿâà âòîðîñòåïåííà ðîëÿ êàòî íåéíî äîïúëíåíèå, ïðè êîåòî Ëèçèìàõèÿ ïîåìà ïðåäèøíèòå ù ïîëèòè÷åñêè è èêîíîìè÷åñêè ôóíêöèè. Êàðäèÿ ãóáè ñòàòóòà ñè íà ïîëèñ è ñå ñïîìåíàâà âå÷å êàòî êþìç (Paus. 1.10.5). Ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Êàðäèÿ – ïðîáëåìè íà õðîíîëîãèÿòà Ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Êàðäèÿ íå å áèëî ïðåäìåò íà ñàìîñòîÿòåëíî èçñëåäâàíå, êîåòî íàëàãà ðàçãðàíè÷àâàíåòî è ñèñòåìàòèçèðàíåòî íà íàòðóïàíèÿ ìàñèâ îò ìîíåòè è îôîðìÿíåòî íà òèïîâ êàòàëîã. Íàñòîÿùîòî èçñëåäâàíå ñå áàçèðà îñíîâíî íà äîñòúïíàòà èíôîðìàöèÿ îò ïóáëèêóâàíè âå÷å ìîíåòè è íàëè÷íèòå â íÿêîè ìóçåè – 156 åêçåìïëÿðà, âêëþ÷åíè â êàòàëîãà.  ëèòåðàòóðàòà ñå å íàëîæèëî íàé-îáùî äàòèðàíå íà áðîíçîâîòî ìîíåòîñå÷åíå íà Êàðäèÿ â ïåðèîäà 350-309 ã. ïð. Õð., òîåñò äî îñíîâàâàíåòî íà Ëèçèìàõèÿ. Ïî îòíîøåíèå íà íà÷àëíàòà äàòà â ëèòåðàòóðàòà å ïðåäëîæåíî òÿ äà ñå òúðñè âúâ âðåìåòî ñëåä ñúáèòèÿòà ïðåç 346 ã. ïð. Õð. è èçïëúçâàíåòî íà Êàðäèÿ îò îäðèñêè êîíòðîë. Ïîâå÷å èíôîðìàöèÿ â òàçè íàñîêà äàâàò ïðîèçõîæäàùèòå îò Îëèíò áðîíçîâè ìîíåòè íà Õåðñîíåñ îò òèïà “ãëàâà íà ëúâ/ëåãåíäà ÕÅÐ-ÐÎ, ðàçïîëîæåíà íà äâà ðåäà îòãîðå è îòäîëó íà æèòíî çúðíî”, îòñè÷àíè ïðåäè 348 ã. ïð. Õð., êîãàòî õàëêèäè÷åñêèÿò ãðàä å ðàçðóøåí îò Ôèëèï ²². Ñúùèÿò òèï ñå íàáëþäàâà è â ìîíåòíàòà ïðîäóêöèÿ íà Êàðäèÿ, êúäåòî å ïðîìåíåí ñàìî íàäïèñúò è âìåñòî ÕÅÐ-ÐÎ ñå ÷åòå KAP-ÄIA (ñðâ. òóê òèï ²V.À.3, êàò. ## 131-142). Òîâà ñâèäåòåëñòâà, ÷å äâåòå ñåðèè ñà ñå÷åíè â áëèçúê õðîíîëîãè÷åñêè äèàïàçîí â åäíà è ñúùà ìîíåòàðíèöà – âåðîÿòíî â Êàðäèÿ, êúäåòî òðàäèöèèòå â ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî ñà çàñâèäåòåëñòâàíè îùå çà âðåìåòî íà Ôèëàèäèòå. Îòñúñòâèåòî â Îëèíò íà ìîíåòè íà Êàðäèÿ îò òèïà ²V.À.3 “ëúâñêà ãëàâà/ëåãåíäà KAP-ÄIA îêîëî æèòíî çúðíî” ïðåäïîëàãà, ÷å îòñè÷àíåòî èì òðÿáâà äà ñå ïîòúðñè ïî-êúñíî, ñëåä ðàçðóøàâàíåòî ìó. Íàé-áëèçêà âúçìîæíà äàòà çà òîâà ñå ïðåäëàãà â 346 ã. ïð. Õð. êàòî äîòîãàâà ìîíåòàðíèöàòà â ãðàäà å îòñè÷àëà ñúùèòå ìîíåòè ñ íàäïèñà ÕÅÐ-ÐÎ. Ïðè òîâà ïîëîæåíèå 346 ã. ïð. Õð. òðÿáâà äà ñå âúçïðèåìå çà íà÷àëíà äàòà íà òîçè òèï íåéíè ìîíåòè, àêî íå è çà íà÷àëî íà áðîíçîâîòî ù ìîíåòîñå÷åíå. Âåðîÿòíî ñúñ ñúçäàâàíåòî ñè Ëèçèìàõèÿ íàñëåäÿâà îò Êàðäèÿ òðàäèöèÿòà â ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî, êàòî ìîíåòàðíèöàòà ñå ïðåìåñòâà â íîâàòà ñòîëèöà. Òîâà ëè÷è îò âúçïðèåìàíåòî ïðè ìîíåòèòå íà Ëèçèìàõèÿ íà íÿêîè õàðàêòåðíè çà Êàðäèÿ îáðàçè â èêîíîãðàôèÿòà íà áðîíçîâèòå ìîíåòè. Òèïîâå Ðàçïîçíàâàíåòî è îïèñàíèåòî íà ìîíåòíèòå òèïîâå íà Êàðäèÿ ñúùî ïðåäñòàâëÿâà ïðîáëåì â íóìèçìàòè÷íàòà ëèòåðàòóðà. Ðàçìèíàâàíèÿ èìà êàêòî â îïðåäåëÿíåòî íà äåòàéëèòå, òàêà è âúîáùå íà ðåâåðñíèòå è àâåðñíè èçîáðàæåíèÿ. Âíèìàòåëíèÿò àíàëèç íà èíôîðìàöèÿòà îò ïóáëèêóâàíèòå ìîíåòè íà Êàðäèÿ ïîçâîëÿâà äà ñå ñèíòåçèðàò ïåò îñíîâíè òèïà â ìîíåòíàòà ù ïðî- 51 Julia Tzvetkova äóêöèÿ: ². ãëàâà íà Äåìåòðà/ëúâ ñ êîïèå, ²². ãëàâà íà Äåìåòðà/ëúâ â õîä, ²²². ãëàâà íà Äåìåòðà/æèòåí êëàñ, ²V. ëúâ/æèòíî çúðíî, V. ëúâ/âåíåö îò æèòíè êëàñîâå. Ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Êàðäèÿ íå ñå îòëè÷àâà ñ ãîëÿìî ðàçíîîáðàçèå – òèïîâåòå ñå ôîðìèðàò îò ðàçëè÷íè êîìáèíàöèè íà íÿêîëêî îñíîâíè ìîòèâà: ãëàâà íà Äåìåòðà, ëúâ è æèòåí êëàñ èëè æèòíî çúðíî, êîèòî ñà â ñìèñëîâî è òåìàòè÷íî åäèíñòâî. Ïî-íàòàòúøíîòî âúçïðèåòî òóê ðàçãðàíè÷àâàíå íà ïîäòèïîâå å âúç îñíîâà íà íà÷èíà íà ïðåäàâàíå íà ëåãåíäàòà – KAPÄIA, KAÑÄIANOÓ, KAÑÄIAÍÙÍ, KAÑ-ÄIA èëè KAPÄI-AÍÙÍ èçïèñàíî â äâà ðåäà, èëè ñúêðàòåíî ñàìî KAP. Îáîñîáÿâàíåòî íà îòäåëíè âàðèàíòè íà ïîäòèïîâåòå å íà áàçàòà íà íà÷èíà íà ïîäáîðà è ïðåäàâàíå íà îòäåëíè äåòàéëè ïðè èçîáðàæåíèÿòà – ëúâ, ïðîòîìå íà ëúâ èëè ñàìî ëúâñêà ãëàâà, ëúâ â õîä èëè ëúâ â ñêîê.  îñíîâàòà íà ïúðâîíà÷àëíîòî ðàçãðàíè÷àâàíå íà êîíêðåòíèòå ñåðèè ïúê å ïîÿâàòà íà äîïúëíèòåëíè ñèìâîëè èëè ìîíîãðàìè. Íàé-÷åñòî òîâà ñà æèòíî çúðíî ñàìîñòîÿòåëíî èëè â êîìáèíàöèÿ ñúñ çâåçäà, äåëôèí, òî÷êà, êîë÷àí? èëè ìîíîãðàì Y ïðè òèïîâåòå ãëàâà íà Äåìåòðà/ëúâ ñ êîïèå è ãëàâà íà Äåìåòðà/ëúâ â õîä èëè ñàìî ñ ìîíîãðàìè (Å, ²,  ) ïðè òèïîâåòå îò ïî-ìàëêèòå íîìèíàëè (ïðè òèï ²²² è ²V). Ïàðàëåëè íà èçîáðàæåíèÿòà Ïîäáðàíèòå îáðàçè ïðè òèï ² è ²² ñà òåìàòè÷íî åäíàêâè – ãëàâà íà Äåìåòðà íà àâåðñà è ëúâ â ðåâåðñíîòî èçîáðàæåíèå. Èêîíîãðàôèÿòà è èçîáðàçåíèÿò ñþæåò ñà îáà÷å ïðèíöèïíî ðàçëè÷íè ïðè äâàòà òèïà, êîåòî ïîçâîëÿâà ðàçãðàíè÷àâàíåòî èì. Ïðè òèï ² îáðàçúò íà áîãèíÿòà å ïðåäñòàâåí â ïðîôèë, ñ ïðèáðàíà êîñà, âåíåö îò æèòíè êëàñîâå, îáèöà (åäèíè÷íà èëè òðîéíà) è îãúðëèöà. Ëúâúò (èëè ïðîòîìå íà ëúâ) íà ðåâåðñà å èçîáðàçåí â õîä íàëÿâî ñ ãëàâà àíôàñ ñòúïèë âúðõó õîðèçîíòàëíà ÷åðòà, ïðèâåäåí íàïðåä, çàõàïàë â óñòàòà ñè ñ÷óïåíî íà äâå êîïèå.  ïîëåòî íàä íåãî å ïîìåñòåíà ëåãåíäàòà â òðè âàðèàíòà íà èçïèñâàíå íà èìåòî èëè åòíèêîíà íà ãðàäà – KAÐÄIA, KAÑÄIANOÓ èëè KAÐÄIAÍÙÍ, à â ïðîñòðàíñòâîòî ïîä êîðåìà íà ëúâà è íàé-âå÷å â îòðåçà ñà ðàçïîëàãàíè ðàçëè÷íèòå ñèìâîëè è ìîíîãðàìè. Èçâåñòíè ñõîäñòâà â ïîäáîðà íà îáðàçèòå è êîìïîçèöèÿòà íà îòäåëíèòå åëåìåíòè âúðõó ïå÷àòèòå ïðåäëàãàò áðîíçîâèòå ìîíåòè íà Åãîñïîòàìè è Ñåñòîñ. Ïðè âòîðèÿ òèï ìîíåòè íà Êàðäèÿ îáðàçúò íà Äåìåòðà íà àâåðñà å ïðåäñòàâåí â òðè-÷åòâúðòè ïðîôèë, îòíîâî ñ âåíåö îò æèòíè êëàñîâå, îáèöà è îãúðëèöà, äîêàòî ëúâúò íà ðåâåðñà å èçîáðàçåí â ñïîêîåí õîä íàëÿâî, ñ îáúðíàòà íàçàä ãëàâà. Ëåãåíäàòà å ðàçïîëîæåíà íàä òÿëîòî íà ëúâà, à â ïîëåòî ïðåä è ïîä íåãî ñå íàáëþäàâàò ðàçëè÷íèòå ñèìâîëè. Òóê îòíîâî ðåâåðñíèÿò òèï íà òðåòèðàíå íà èçîáðàæåíèåòî íàìèðà áëèçêè ïàðàëåëè â ìîíåòè íà Åãîñïîòàìè, íî àâåðñíîòî èçîáðàæåíèå íàïîìíÿ ïîâå÷å íà òîâà îò ìîíåòèòå íà Êðèòîòå è áðîíçîâèòå ìîíåòè íà Õåðñîíåñ. Ãëàâà íà Äåìåòðà â ïðîôèë å èçáðàíà êàòî àâåðñåí îáðàç è ïðè ìîíåòèòå íà Êàðäèÿ îò ñëåäâàùèÿ òðåòè òèï, íî òóê êàòî ðåâåðñíî èçîáðàæåíèå ñå ïîÿâÿâà æèòåí êëàñ, à ëåãåíäàòà (èìå èëè åòíèêîí) å ðàçïîëîæåíà íà äâà ðåäà íàä è ïîä íåãî. Àíàëîãè÷íî å ïðåäàäåí ðåâåðñúò íà ìîíåòè íà Ëèçèìàõèÿ îò ñåðèÿòà “ëúâñêà ãëàâà/æèòåí êëàñ”. Æèòíèÿò êëàñ å äîïúëíèòåëåí ñèìâîë âúðõó õåìèäðàõìèòå íà Òðàêèéñêèÿ Õåðñîíåñ è ïðè áðîíçîâèòå ìîíåòè íà Ìàäèòîñ. Ïðè ÷åòâúðòèÿ òèï “ëúâ/æèòíî çúðíî” îáðàçúò íà ëúâà ñå ïîÿâÿâà âå÷å íà àâåðñà, ïðåäñòàâåí ïî òðè ðàçëè÷íè íà÷èíà – â õîä, â ñêîê èëè ñàìî ëúâñêà ãëàâà, êîåòî îòíîâî íàñî÷âà êúì ïàðàëåë êàêòî ñ ìîíåòèòå íà Ëèçèìàõèÿ, òàêà è ñ òåçè íà Õåðñîíåñ. Ðåâåðñíèÿò òèï – ëåãåíäà, ðàçïîëîæåíà íà äâà ðåäà ïîä è íàä æèòíî çúðíî – ñå íàáëþäàâà ïðåäàäåí ïî èäåíòè÷åí íà÷èí íà áðîíçîâèòå ìîíåòè íà Õåðñîíåñ, îòêúäåòî âåðîÿòíî å êîïèðàí. Ïîñëåäíèÿò ðàçãðàíè÷åí ïåòè òèï “ëúâ/ëåãåíäà âúâ âåíåö îò æèòíè êëàñîâå” ïðåäñòàâÿ íà àâåðñà ïðîòîìå íà ëúâ, ïðå÷óïâàù â óñòàòà ñè êîïèå, ïîçíàò ñúùî êàòî ðåâåðñåí òèï è ÿâíî ïðåäïî÷åòåí êàòî èçîáðàæåíèå ïîðàäè ìàëêîòî ïðîñòðàíñòâî íà ìîíåòàòà. Îôîðìÿíåòî íà ðåâåðñíèÿ òèï íà òàçè ñåðèÿ ñå ïîÿâÿâà ïî èäåíòè÷åí íà÷èí âúðõó ìîíåòè íà Åëàéóñ, Êðèòîòå, à ïðåç ²²² â. ïð. Õð. å ÷åñòî ñðåùàí ìîòèâ âúðõó ìîíåòè îò Òðàêèÿ – íà Ëèçèìàõèÿ è Áèçàíòå. Ïîäáîðúò íà îáðàçèòå ïðè ìîíåòèòå íà Êàðäèÿ å íå ñàìî âúç îñíîâà íà åñòåòè÷åñêè ðàçáèðàíèÿ, íî è ñúîáðàçåí ñ ëîêàëíèòå êóëòóðíè, ðåëèãèîçíè, èêîíîìè÷åñêè èëè ïîëèòè÷åñêè òðàäèöèè. Ïîÿâàòà íà îáðàçà íà Äåìåòðà êàòî áîãèíÿ íà ïëîäîðîäèåòî, êàêòî è ðàñòèòåëíèòå ñèìâîëè â èêîíîãðàôèÿòà íà ìîíåòèòå, òðÿáâà äà ñå ñâúðæàò ñúñ çåìåäåëèåòî è çúðíîïðîèçâîäñòâîòî. Íÿêîè èçñëåäîâàòåëè ïðåäïîëàãàò, ÷å îáðàçúò íà Äåìåòðà âúðõó ìîíåòèòå íà Êàðäèÿ å çàèìñòâàí îò ìîíåòèòå íà Ñèðàêóçà, íî òóê ïî-ñêîðî òðÿáâà äà ñå òúðñÿò ìåñòíè èêîíîãðàôñêè ïàðàëåëè. Ìàêàð è ñ äðóãà èêîíîãðàôèÿ, òÿ ñå ïîÿâÿâà êàòî òèï â õðîíîëîãè÷åñêè ïî-êúñíèòå ìîíåòè íà Ëèçèìàõèÿ è Áèçàíòå è íàìèðà øèðîêî ðàçïðîñòðàíåíèå ñëåä ñðåäàòà íà ²²² â. ïð. Õð. è â äðóãè ìîíåòàðíèöè (Ïåðèíò, Áèçàíòèîí è äð.). Ïî-òî÷åí õðîíîëîãè÷åñêè è èêîíîãðàôñêè ïàðàëåë íà èçîáðàæåíèåòî íà Äåìåòðà ïðåäëàãàò ïîñî÷åíèòå ìîíåòíè òèïîâå íà äðóãèòå ãðàäîâå íà ïîëóîñòðîâà îò âòîðàòà 52 The Coinage of Kardia ïîëîâèíà íà ²V â. ïð. Õð. – Åãîñïîòàìè, Êðèòîòå. Ïîâòàðÿíåòî íà àíàëîãè÷íè ìîíåòíè òèïîâå ïðè Êàðäèÿ, Åãîñïîòàìè, Êðèòîòå, Åëàéóñ è áðîíçîâèòå ìîíåòè íà Õåðñîíåñ ïîñòàâÿò âúïðîñà çà çàèìñòâàíåòî íà îáðàçèòå è ïîçâîëÿâàò äà ñå ìèñëè, ÷å èçðàáîòâàíåòî íà ìîíåòíèòå ïå÷àòè å êîíòðîëèðàíî, à ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî å èçâúðøåíî â åäíà è ñúùà ìîíåòàðíèöà â ñõîäåí õðîíîëîãè÷åñêè äèàïàçîí. Îáðàçúò íà Äåìåòðà ñå ïîÿâÿâà è âúðõó ìîíåòèòå íà îäðèñêèÿ âëàäåòåë Êåðñåáëåïò ñ àíàëîãè÷íà èêîíîãðàôèÿ ñ òîçè îò áðîíçîâèòå ìîíåòè íà Êàðäèÿ. Òîâà äàâà îñíîâàíèÿ äà ñå ñìÿòà, ÷å çà âðåìåòî íà Êåðñåáëåïò â Êàðäèÿ ôóíêöèîíèðà îäðèñêà öàðñêà ìîíåòàðíèöà. Îñâåí íàáåëÿçàíèòå äîáðè îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó òîçè îäðèñêè âëàäåòåë è Êàðäèÿ è èçïîëçâàíåòî íà ñõîäíè îáðàçè ïðè ìîíåòèòå èì, äðóãè àðãóìåíòè â ïîäêðåïà íà èäåÿòà ìîãàò äà ñå îòêðèÿò è ïðè ñúïîñòàâêàòà íà íÿêîè åëåìåíòè îò îáùàòà êîìïîçèöèÿ íà ìîíåòíèòå èì ïå÷àòè êàòî ïîÿâàòà íà æèòíîòî çúðíî êàòî äîïúëíèòåëåí ñèìâîë (ñðâ. òóê ## 1-44, 48-77). Ïîÿâàòà íà ëúâà â èêîíîãðàôèÿòà íà ìîíåòèòå å î÷àêâàíà çà Êàðäèÿ. Êàòî ìîíåòåí òèï òîé ñå íàáëþäàâà ïðè ìîíåòèòå îò ïúðâèÿ ïåðèîä íà ìîíåòîñå÷åíå íà Õåðñîíåñ (515-493 ã. ïð. Õð.), êàêòî è ïðè ñðåáúðíèòå õåìèäðàõìè íà Õåðñîíåñ îò âòîðèÿ ïåðèîä (357-323/20 ã. ïð. Õð.), çà êîèòî ñå ñìÿòà, ÷å ñà ñå÷åíè â Êàðäèÿ. Ïðèñúñòâèåòî ìó ñå ñâúðçâà ñ Ìèëåò, îòêúäåòî Êàðäèÿ êàòî íåãîâà àïîéêèÿ ãî âúçïðèåìà. Ðåâåðñíèÿò òèï “ëúâ â õîä íàëÿâî ñ îáúðíàòà íàçàä ãëàâà” îò ìîíåòèòå íà Êàðäèÿ íàìèðà äîáðè èêîíîãðàôñêè ïàðàëåëè èìåííî â äàòèðàíèòå îò 353-323 ã. ïð. Õð. ìèëåòñêè àâòîíîìíè ñðåáúðíè ìîíåòè (ñå÷åíè ïî ðîäîñêè ñòàíäàðò) è ñèíõðîííèòå èì áðîíçîâè, âúçïðîèçâåæäàùè òèïà “Àïîëîí/ëúâ”. Ïîñî÷åíèòå ïîäîáèÿ äàâàò âúçìîæíîñò çà ñèíõðîíèçèðàíå òèïà “Äåìåòðà/ëúâ â õîä” íà Êàðäèÿ ñ ìèëåòñêèÿ ïðîòîòèï. Îòíîñíî äðóãèÿ èçïîëçâàí â ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Êàðäèÿ ñþæåò – “ëúâ, ïðå÷óïâàù â óñòàòà ñè êîïèå” – â íóìèçìàòè÷íàòà ëèòåðàòóðà ñå èçòúêâà èêîíîãðàôñêèÿò ïàðàëåë ñ ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà ìàêåäîíñêèòå âëàäåòåëè. Òðåòèðàí ïî ìíîãî ñõîäåí íà÷èí, òîé ñå ïîÿâÿâà ïðè ñðåáúðíèòå ñòàòåðè íà Àìèíòà ²²² îò ïåðèîäà 381-369 ã. ïð. Õð. è áðîíçîâèòå ìîíåòè íà Ïåðäèêà ²²² (364-359 ã. ïð. Õð.). Ìîòèâúò å ïîçíàò è îò ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Ìåòîíå, êúäåòî êàòî åäèíñòâåí òèï ñå óòâúðæäàâà “æåíñêà ãëàâà íàäÿñíî/MÅÈÙ. ëúâ, ïðå÷óïâàù êîïèå”, äàòèðàí ïðåäè 354 ã. ïð. Õð., êîãàòî ãðàäúò å ðàçðóøåí îò Ôèëèï ²². Ïîñî÷åíèòå èêîíîãðàôñêè ïàðàëåëè ïîçâîëÿâàò äà ñå ïîìèñëè çà åäíà ïî-ðàííà äàòèðîâêà íà íà÷àëîòî íà ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Êàðäèÿ ïðåäè 346 ã. ïð. Õð. Ëúâúò êàòî ìîòèâ íå å òèïè÷åí çà ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà ãðúöêèòå ïîëèñè îò áëèçêèÿ íà Êàðäèÿ ãåîãðàôñêè ðàéîí. Ëúâñêî ïðîòîìå êàòî ðåâåðñåí òèï ñå ïîÿâÿâà êàòî èçêëþ÷åíèå â îäðèñêîòî öàðñêî ìîíåòîñå÷åíå åäèíñòâåíî ñðåä ìîíåòèòå íà Õåáðèçåëì, çà êîåòî ñå ïðåäïîëàãà îòíîâî, ÷å å âúçïðèåòî îò ìàêåäîíñêîòî öàðñêî ìîíåòîñå÷åíå íà Àåðîï (396-393 ã. ïð. Õð.) è Ïàâçàíèé (390-389 ã. ïð. Õð.). Âúïðåêè èêîíîãðàôñêèòå ïàðàëåëè å òðóäíî äà ñå ïðåäïîëîæè íÿêàêâà âðúçêà ìåæäó õåðñîíåñêèÿ ãðàä è ìàêåäîíñêèòå âëàäåòåëè ïðåäè 346 ã. ïð. Õð. Àêî âúçïðèåìàíåòî îò Êàðäèÿ íà ñþæåòà, õàðàêòåðåí çà ïðåäøåñòâåíèöèòå íà Ôèëèï ²², ñå îòäàâà íà ìàêåäîíñêè ïðîòîòèïè, òî áè òðÿáâàëî äà ñå ðàçáèðà â ñìèñúë íà äåìîíñòðàöèÿ íà äîáðèòå îòíîøåíèÿ ñ ìàêåäîíñêèÿ âëàäåòåë. Ñìèñëîâàòà íàòîâàðåíîñò íà îáðàçà íà ëúâà, ïðå÷óïâàù êîïèå â ñëó÷àÿ íà Êàðäèÿ, ìîæå äà ñå èíòåðïðåòèðà êàòî äåìîíñòðàöèÿ íà íàäìîùèå è èçâîþâàíà ïîáåäà è äà ñå ñâúðæå ïî-ñêîðî ñ èçïëúçâàíåòî ù îò àòèíñêè êîíòðîë.  òîçè ñìèñúë òðÿáâà äà ñå ðàçáèðà äîãîâîðúò ìåæäó Àòèíà è Êåðñåáëåïò îò 357 ã. ïð. Õð., êîãàòî õåðñîíåñêèÿò ïîëèñ êàòåãîðè÷íî çàÿâÿâà ïðî-îäðèñêàòà ñè ïîçèöèÿ. Ïðè òîâà ïîëîæåíèå å ìèñëèìà è åäíà ïî-ðàííà äàòèðîâêà çà íà÷àëî íà ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Êàðäèÿ – êúì 357 ã. ïð. Õð., ïîäêðåïåíà è îò ïî-ðàííèòå îáñúäåíè ïî-ãîðå ïàðàëåëè. Êîíòðàìàðêè ×åòèðè îò âêëþ÷åíèòå â êàòàëîãà ìîíåòè íà Êàðäèÿ ñà êîíòðàìàðêèðàíè. Âñè÷êèòå ìîíåòè ñà îò ñåðèÿòà “Äåìåòðà/ KAÄIA. ëúâ ñ êîïèå”. Êîíòðàìàðêèòå è â ÷åòèðèòå ñëó÷àÿ ñà ðàçïîëîæåíè íà àâåðñà è ñå ðàçëè÷àâàò – àìôîðà (êàò. # 6), ãëàâà íà Àòèíà (êàò. # 47) è íåñèãóðåí ñèìâîë (êàò. ## 20, 32). Àìôîðàòà êàòî êîíòðàìàðêà å èçïîëçâàíà îò Ñåñòîñ. Äðóãèòå êîíòðàìàðêè îñòàâàò çàñåãà íåîáâúðçàíè ñ íÿêîå ñåëèùå â Òðàêèÿ è ñúñ ñèãóðíîñò íå ïðèíàäëåæàò êúì èçïîëçâàíèòå ñèìâîëè çà êîíòðàìàðêèðàíå îò ñàìàòà Êàðäèÿ. Îòíîñíî ñîáñòâåíèòå êîíòðàìàðêè íà Êàðäèÿ íÿìà åäèííî ìíåíèå â ëèòåðàòóðàòà. Èçêàçàíî å ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷å çâåçäàòà, êîÿòî ñå ïîÿâÿâà êàòî äîïúëíèòåëåí ñèìâîë ïðè òèï ² è ²², å èçïîëçâàíà êàòî êîíòðàìàðêà îò Êàðäèÿ, íî å âúçìîæíî òÿ äà ïðèíàäëåæè è íà Òîìè. Ñâúðçâàíàòà ñ Êàðäèÿ êîíòðàìàðêà “æèòåí êëàñ” å çàñâèäåòåëñòâàíà âúðõó ìîíåòè, îòñå÷åíè ñëåä 309 ã. ïð. Õð. è ÿâíî òðÿáâà äà ñå îòíåñå êúì äðóã ãðàä – âåðîÿòíî Ëèçèìàõèÿ èëè Ìåñàìáðèÿ. Íîìèíàëè Ïîðàäè ñèëíàòà èçíîñåíîñò â ïîâå÷åòî ñëó÷àè 53 Julia Tzvetkova ïðè ìîíåòèòå íà Êàðäèÿ å òðóäíî âúçñòàíîâÿâàíåòî íà òåãëîâíàòà ñèñòåìà, ïî êîÿòî ñà îòñè÷àíè òå. Âúç îñíîâà íà äèàìåòúðà å âúçìîæíî ðåêîíñòðóèðàíåòî íà òðè ðàçëè÷íè íîìèíàëà – À,  è Ñ (âæ. òàáëèöà 1). Ïðèëîæåíàòà ãðàôèêà (âæ. ãðàôèêà 1) èëþñòðèðà ñúîòíîøåíèåòî â òåãëîòî íà ðàçãðàíè÷åíèòå íîìèíàëè êàòî âñåêè ïî-ìàëúê îòãîâàðÿ ïðèáëèçèòåëíî íà ïîëîâèíàòà îò ïðåäõîäíèÿ ïî ñõåìàòà 1 íîìèíàë À = 2 íîìèíàë  = 4 íîìèíàë Ñ. Îáîáùåíàòà êàðòèíà îò íàáëþäåíèÿòà íà ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Êàðäèÿ íå ïîçâîëÿâà çà ìîìåíòà äà ñå äàòèðàò ïî-òî÷íî ñåðèèòå. Êàòî îáùà äàòà çà ìîíåòîñå÷åíåòî íà Êàðäèÿ ñå íàëàãà ïåðèîäúò îò 357/346 ã. äî 309 ã. ïð. Õð. Íå îñîáåíî ìíîãîáðîéíàòà ìîíåòíà ìàñà (156 áð.) ñâèäåòåëñòâà ñúùî çà ñðàâíèòåëíî êðàòêèÿ ïåðèîä, â êîéòî å èçâúðøâàíî òîâà ìîíåòîñå÷åíå. Head Assistant Julia Tzvetkova PhD Department of Ancient History, Thracology and Medieval History Faculty of History Sofia University “St. Kliment Okhridski” 15, Tzar Osvoboditel Blvd. BG-1504 Sofia tzvetkova@clio.uni-sofia.bg 54